Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil, Its By-Products, and Mill Effluent: A Review
Open accessAbstract
The sustainability of petroleum-based fuel supply has gained broad attention from the global community due to the increase of usage in various sectors, depletion of petroleum resources, and uncertain around crude oil market prices. Additionally, environmental problems have also arisen from the increasing emissions of harmful pollutants and greenhouse gases. Therefore, the use of clean energy sources including biodiesel is crucial. Biodiesel is mainly produced from unlimited natural resources through a transesterification process. It presents various advantages over petro-diesel; for instance, it is non-toxic, biodegradable, and contains less air pollutant per net energy produced with low sulphur and aromatic content, apart from being safe. Considering the importance of this topic, this paper focuses on the use of palm oil, its by-products, and mill effluent for biodiesel production. Palm oil is known as an excellent raw material because biodiesel has similar properties to the regular petro-diesel. Due to the debate on the usage of palm oil as food versus fuel, extensive studies have been conducted to utilise its by-products and mill effluent as raw materials. This paper also discusses the properties of biodiesel, the difference between palm-biodiesel and other biodiesel sources, and the feasibility of using palm oil as a primary source for future alternative and sustainable energy sources.
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The residual biomass resulting from the transesterification process serves as a by-product and can be repurposed for animal feed, containing glycerol, carbohydrates, and proteins.
“Moreover, the residual biomass resulting from the transesterification process serves as a by-product and can be repurposed for animal feed, containing glycerol, carbohydrates, and proteins [67].”
From A Holistic Approach to Circular Bioeconomy Through the Sustainable Utilization of Microalgal Biomass for Biofuel and Other Value-Added Products (2024) · cites this paper as [67]
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References 169 · Cited by 310
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Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Liennard, A.; Pioch, D.; Chirat, N.; Lozano, P.; Vaitilingom, G. Energy generation from "neat" vegetable oils. In Proceedings of the SciELO of 4th Encontro de Energia no Meio Rural, Campinas, Brazil, 28-31 October 2002.
- Leong, B.S.; Rus, M.; Zafiah, A.; Hasan, S. Continuous biodiesel production using ultrasonic clamp on tubular reactor. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanical Engineering Research (ICMER2013), Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia, 1-3 July 2013; pp. 1-10.
- Duti, I.J.; Maliha, M.; Ahmed, S. Biodiesel production from waste frying oil and its process simulation. J. Mod. Sci. Technol. 2016, 4, 50-62.
- Choo, M.C.; Ma, A.N.; Cheah, K.Y.; Majid, R.A.; Yap, A.K.C.; Lau, H.L.N.; Cheng, S.F.; Yung, C.L.; Puah, C.W.; Ng, M.H.; et al. Palm diesel: Green and renewable fuel from palm oil. Palm Oil Dev. 2005, 42, 3-7. 110.
- Authors
- Zahan, K., & Kano, M.
- Affiliations
- Kyoto University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Kano, Manabu
- Venue
- Energies
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2018-08-16
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2132
- ISSN
- 1996-1073 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2885550071
- Cited by
- 310
- References
- 169
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 12.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Energies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Kyoto University Research Information Repository (Kyoto University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biodiesel Production and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Oil Palm Production and Sustainability
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Keywords
- biodiesel production, palm oil, palm oil mill effluent, palm oil by-products, transesterification, food versus fuel, biodiesel properties, alternative fuels, sustainable energy, greenhouse gas emissions
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