The DOI matches its Crossref record; 121 of the 122 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Hydrogen-Based Energy Systems: Current Technology Development Status, Opportunities and Challenges
Open accessAbstract
The use of hydrogen as an energy carrier within the scope of the decarbonisation of the world’s energy production and utilisation is seen by many as an integral part of this endeavour. However, the discussion around hydrogen technologies often lacks some perspective on the currently available technologies, their Technology Readiness Level (TRL), scope of application, and important performance parameters, such as energy density or conversion efficiency. This makes it difficult for the policy makers and investors to evaluate the technologies that are most promising. The present study aims to provide help in this respect by assessing the available technologies in which hydrogen is used as an energy carrier, including its main challenges, needs and opportunities in a scenario in which fossil fuels still dominate global energy sources but in which renewables are expected to assume a progressively vital role in the future. The production of green hydrogen using water electrolysis technologies is described in detail. Various methods of hydrogen storage are referred, including underground storage, physical storage, and material-based storage. Hydrogen transportation technologies are examined, taking into account different storage methods, volume requirements, and transportation distances. Lastly, an assessment of well-known technologies for harnessing energy from hydrogen is undertaken, including gas turbines, reciprocating internal combustion engines, and fuel cells. It seems that the many of the technologies assessed have already achieved a satisfactory degree of development, such as several solutions for high-pressure hydrogen storage, while others still require some maturation, such as the still limited life and/or excessive cost of the various fuel cell technologies, or the suitable operation of gas turbines and reciprocating internal combustion engines operating with hydrogen. Costs below 200 USD/kWproduced, lives above 50 kh, and conversion efficiencies approaching 80% are being aimed at green hydrogen production or electricity production from hydrogen fuel cells. Nonetheless, notable advances have been achieved in these technologies in recent years. For instance, electrolysis with solid oxide cells may now sometimes reach up to 85% efficiency although with a life still in the range of 20 kh. Conversely, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) working as electrolysers are able to sometimes achieve a life in the range of 80 kh with efficiencies up to 68%. Regarding electricity production from hydrogen, the maximum efficiencies are slightly lower (72% and 55%, respectively). The combination of the energy losses due to hydrogen production, compression, storage and electricity production yields overall efficiencies that could be as low as 25%, although smart applications, such as those that can use available process or waste heat, could substantially improve the overall energy efficiency figures. Despite the challenges, the foreseeable future seems to hold significant potential for hydrogen as a clean energy carrier, as the demand for hydrogen continues to grow, particularly in transportation, building heating, and power generation, new business prospects emerge. However, this should be done with careful regard to the fact that many of these technologies still need to increase their technological readiness level before they become viable options. For this, an emphasis needs to be put on research, innovation, and collaboration among industry, academia, and policymakers to unlock the full potential of hydrogen as an energy vector in the sustainable economy.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“When comparing common energy carriers, liquid ecofuels exhibit substantially higher gravimetric and volumetric energy densities than current battery technologies, although typically lower than conventional fossil fuels like gasoline or diesel [36,37].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [37]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Current battery technology, while advancing, faces limitations in energy density, restricting its applicability in long-distance aviation and maritime transport, where gravimetric and volumetric energy densities are critical [36,37].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [37]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hydrogen, due to its low volumetric energy density, requires specialized high-pressure or cryogenic storage and transport, and a completely new refueling network for widespread use in transport [37,55].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [37]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Sands, P. (1992) · Review of European Community & International Environmental Law · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9388.1992.tb00046.x · Cited by 3,602
Hydrogen production for energy: An overview
Dawood, F., Anda, M., & Shafiullah, G. (2020) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.12.059 · Cited by 3,148
Hydrogen energy systems: A critical review of technologies, applications, trends and challenges
Yue, M., Lambert, H., Pahon, E., Roche, R., Jemeï, S., & Hissel, D. (2021) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111180 · Cited by 2,345
A review on hydrogen production and utilization: Challenges and opportunities
Ishaq, H., Dinçer, İ., & Crawford, C. A. (2021) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.11.149 · Cited by 1,532
An overview of water electrolysis technologies for green hydrogen production
Shiva Kumar, S., & Lim, H. (2022) · Energy Reports · doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2022.10.127 · Cited by 1,526
Hydrogen storage methods: Review and current status
Usman, M. R. (2022) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2022.112743 · Cited by 1,292
Hydrogen Production Technologies: From Fossil Fuels toward Renewable Sources. A Mini Review
Megía, P. J., Vizcaíno, A. J., Calles, J. A., & Carrero, A. (2021) · Energy & Fuels · doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c02501 · Cited by 1,276
Underground hydrogen storage: Characteristics and prospects
Tarkowski, R. (2019) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.01.051 · Cited by 1,235
Recent development of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies: A review
Fan, L., Tu, Z., & Chan, S. H. (2021) · Energy Reports · doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2021.08.003 · Cited by 1,041
Hydrogen Storage for Mobility: A Review
Rivard, E., Trudeau, M. L., & Zaghib, K. (2019) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma12121973 · Cited by 1,008
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Mankins, J.C. (2023, July 10). Technology Readiness Levels: A White Paper. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247705707_Technology_Readiness_Level_-_A_White_Paper.
- Grot, W.G. (1982). Electrochemistry in Industry: New Directions, Springer.
- Salvador Aceves, G.P. (2017, January 7). Performance and Durability Testing of Volumetrically Efficient Cryogenic Vessels and High Pressure Liquid Hydrogen Pump. Proceedings of the DOE Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Meeting (AMR), Washington, DC, USA.
- IRENA (2023, July 10). Global Hydrogen Trade to Meet the 1.5 °C Climate Goal: Part II—Technology Review of Hydrogen Carriers. Available online: www.irena.org/publications.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 269
Hydrogen as a solution for a stable and sustainable low-carbon energy system in Sub-Saharan Africa
Charamba, A. N., Makepa, D. C., Kumba, H., Akpan, J. S., & Olanrewaju, O. A. (2026) · Clean Energy · doi:10.1093/ce/zkag006 · Cited by 4
Dinakarkumar, Y., Kannan, D. C., & Theivendren, P. (2026) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109081 · Cited by 4
Elewa, A. M. T., Snousy, M. G., Saqr, A. M., Elshafie, H. M., Abouelmagd, A., Hussain, A. M., & El‐Hafeez, T. A. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-47726-w · Cited by 4
Usman, M., Kolor, K. A. E., & Rajakumaran, R. (2026) · eTransportation · doi:10.1016/j.etran.2026.100592 · Cited by 4
Crystallographic insights into LDH-based electrocatalysts for efficient oxygen evolution reaction
Chauhan, A., Padiyar, T., Thakur, R., Kumar, R., Nagaraja, B. M., Mehta, S., & Kainthla, I. (2026) · Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids · doi:10.1016/j.jpcs.2026.113804 · Cited by 4
Zhou, Y., Huang, Z., Zhang, K., Yang, M., Zhan, J., Liu, M., He, Y., Yang, W., & Zhou, Y. (2024) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.03.159 · Cited by 4
Kabouchi, K., & Ettouhami, M. K. (2024) · Journal of Advanced Research in Numerical Heat Transfer · doi:10.37934/arnht.27.1.113 · Cited by 4
Arifin, R., Abdurrouf, Zulkarnain, Z., Widaningrum, I., Winardi, Y., Johari, N. B., & Darminto, D. (2025) · MRS Advances · doi:10.1557/s43580-025-01363-z · Cited by 3
Pan, C., Zhang, L., Du, J., Yang, J., & Hu, H. (2025) · Fuel · doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137551 · Cited by 3
Mechanism-informed 3D analysis of fracture surfaces in hydrogen-charged line pipe steels
Jiao, J., Zhang, P., & Tan, Y. (2025) · Engineering Failure Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.110429 · Cited by 3
Chippar, P., & Lewis, S. D. (2025) · Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications · doi:10.1115/1.4070602 · Cited by 3
Mascia, M., Melis, N., Piro, V. M. I., Rubanu, M. G., Vacca, A., & Mais, L. (2025) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en19010166 · Cited by 3
Thermomechanical analysis and progressive damage modelling of composite cryogenic hydrogen tanks
Valilis, S. E., & Lampeas, G. N. (2026) · The Aeronautical Journal · doi:10.1017/aer.2025.10123 · Cited by 3
Alshawabkeh, M., & Al-Khasawneh, Y. (2026) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2026.121636 · Cited by 3
Jayabal, R., Sivanraju, R., & Prabhakar, P. (2026) · International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies · doi:10.1093/ijlct/ctag018 · Cited by 3
Himona, E., & Poullikkas, A. (2026) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en19061527 · Cited by 3
Sikiru, S., Olutoki, J. O., Alomayri, T. S., & Soleimani, H. (2026) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.154511 · Cited by 3
Eddahmani, O., Hadhoud, M., Tahiri, A., Sali, A., & Touti, R. (2026) · Emergent Materials · doi:10.1007/s42247-026-01301-1 · Cited by 3
Isa, A. D., & Sulaimon, A. A. (2026) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.155220 · Cited by 3
Usman, M., Rubel, S. H., Maati, L. A. E., Parveen, A., & Abbas, Z. (2026) · International Journal of Modern Physics C · doi:10.1142/s0129183127500999 · Cited by 3
Baidoo, E. B., Tulashie, S. K., Alale, E. M., Addai, C. M., Donkor, D., Helegah, F., Oduro, J., & Arafat, K. (2026) · International Journal of Ambient Energy · doi:10.1080/01430750.2026.2676631 · Cited by 3
Zhang, J., Xu, C., Yan, D., Liu, H., He, Y., Huang, T., Kong, X., Wang, X., & Wan, Z. (2025) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127013 · Cited by 3
Technical evaluation of a novel combined cooling-heating-power-water system based on PEM fuel cells
Kang, K., Zhang, Y., Cao, C., & Lu, X. (2024) · Energy Conversion and Management X · doi:10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100803 · Cited by 3
Advancing Hydrogen Storage Solutions for Next-Generation Energy Systems
Balakrishnan, P. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-9316-1.ch004 · Cited by 2
Sabir, A. W., Oh, J., Lee, P. S., & Lim, Y. (2025) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2025.124361 · Cited by 2
Legal Framework for Hydrogen Economy and Future Directions of Global Green Hydrogen Economy
Ahmad, I., Afzal, J., & Ahmad, S. (2025) · doi:10.64060/978-627-7898-00-7-7 · Cited by 2
Mahmoud, A., AL-Dogail, A. S., & Gajbhiye, R. N. (2025) · Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering · doi:10.1007/s13369-025-10758-x · Cited by 2
Irfan, M., Ibrahim, F. A., Hamdy, M. S., Almohammedi, A., Ahmed, E. M., & Zakaly, H. M. H. (2025) · Chemical Physics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2025.142527 · Cited by 2
Hydrogen energy storage for healthcare resilience
Sarifudin, A., Ong, H. C., & Ming, L. C. (2025) · Global Transitions · doi:10.1016/j.glt.2025.11.001 · Cited by 2
Li, Y., Wu, L., Zhan, H., Ji, C., Sun, Y., Zhang, Z., & Zeng, J. (2025) · Journal of Materials Science · doi:10.1007/s10853-025-11996-y · Cited by 2
Rahman, M. H., & Baldacci, R. (2025) · Energy Conversion and Management X · doi:10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101470 · Cited by 2
Zuorro, A., Lavecchia, R., Contreras-Ropero, J. E., Garcia-Martinez, J. B., & Barajas-Solano, A. F. (2025) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en18246563 · Cited by 2
Sead, F. F., Jameel, R. K., Aldulaimi, A., M, I. R. M., Ray, S., Chennakesavulu, K., Sharma, D. R., Sinha, A., Albadr, R. J., Alwan, M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Solid State Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jssc.2025.125789 · Cited by 2
Baydır, E., & Aras, Ö. (2025) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.153177 · Cited by 2
Mahmoud, A., & Gajbhiye, R. N. (2026) · Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering · doi:10.1007/s13369-025-11053-5 · Cited by 2
Investigating the adoption of hydrogen (H2) fuel by individual and industry user groups
Wang, Y., Witlox, F., & Azadi, H. (2026) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.153499 · Cited by 2
Meta-Analysis of Hydrogen’s Role in Residential Heat Decarbonization
Aneggi, E., Scarbolo, M., & Zuccaccia, D. (2026) · Hydrogen · doi:10.3390/hydrogen7010034 · Cited by 2
Low-temperature hydrogen storage in AB2 type alloys tuned by trace V3Al substitution for Cr at 233 K
Xu, C., Hu, H., Chen, H., Wu, Z., Yang, G., & Chen, Q. (2026) · Transactions of Materials Research · doi:10.1016/j.tramat.2026.100197 · Cited by 2
CO2 Capture by Hydrotalcite-Derived Sorbents in Pressure Swing Adsorption for Sorption-Enhancing
Malsegna, B., Giuliano, A. D., D’Antonio, G., & Gallucci, K. (2026) · Clean Technologies · doi:10.3390/cleantechnol8020031 · Cited by 2
Primadasa, R., Kusrini, E., Mansur, A., & Aziz, M. (2026) · Process Integration and Optimization for Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s41660-026-00717-w · Cited by 2
Chen, L., Wu, M., Shannon, M., Krebsz, M., Zhang, Y., Taheri, M., Chalermsinsuwan, B., Li, L., Deng, S., Perriman, A. W., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.154873 · Cited by 2
Azlan, M. H., Yatim, N. S. M., Osman, S. H., Ganiyu, S. A., & Alhooshani, K. R. (2026) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.154985 · Cited by 2
Zahra, S., Alomar, M. A., Amami, M., Alam, M. W., & Haggam, R. A. (2026) · Ceramics International · doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2026.04.262 · Cited by 2
Kivrak, H., & Najri, B. A. (2026) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109520 · Cited by 2
Tang, Z., Wang, J., Zhang, L., Li, Q., Yang, C., Pang, Y., Yang, Y., Chen, J., Meng, Q., & Jing, Q. (2026) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s26103079 · Cited by 2
Hydrogen’s Role in Decarbonising the Global Energy Sector: An Insightful Perspective
Faleni, N., Shoyiga, H. O., Dyantyi, N., & Taziwa, R. (2026) · Hydrogen · doi:10.3390/hydrogen7020072 · Cited by 2
Hawez, H. K., Omar, S. R., & Alwan, L. L. (2026) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en19122760 · Cited by 2
Hybrid hydrogen–e-fuels systems for decarbonizing heavy transport
Oguntuyi, S. D., & Olubambi, P. A. (2026) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.156340 · Cited by 2
Mostafa, N. A., Emad, H., Eltaweel, M., & Chizari, M. (2026) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr14162661 · Cited by 2
Saadaoui, D., Elyaqouti, M., Choulli, I., Ydir, B., Arjdal, E. H., Lidaighbi, S., Hmamou, D. B., Elhammoudy, A., & Abazine, I. (2024) · International Symposium on Advanced Electrical and Communication Technologies (ISAECT) · doi:10.1109/isaect64333.2024.10799704 · Cited by 2
Recycling of solid oxide electrolyzer stacks
Kaiser, C., Ahn, S., Brünner, M., Goes, D., Lastam, J., Mongoljiibuu, S., Sarner, S., Specht, A., Fleischer, J., Menzler, N. H., et al. (2025) · Sustainable materials and technologies · doi:10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01435 · Cited by 2
Bademlioglu, A. H., Canbolat, A. S., & Kaynaklı, Ö. (2025) · Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments · doi:10.1016/j.seta.2025.104279 · Cited by 2
Ma, Y., Cheng, N., Li, C., Din, M. A. U., Zhao, L. P., Pan, N., & Lei, Y. (2025) · Applied Surface Science · doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.164271 · Cited by 2
Xiao, Y., Xiao, Q., Wang, K., Yang, X., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15137560 · Cited by 1
Derempouka, E., Skjold, T., Haarstad, H., Njå, O., & Tvinnereim, E. M. (2025) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2025.104203 · Cited by 1
Evaluating Balıkesir’s Potential for Green Hydrogen Production and Export
Sezer, S. (2025) · Kent Akademisi · doi:10.35674/kent.1566858 · Cited by 1
Aiswarya, J., Madhu, R., Kumar, R. K., Pal, S., Natarajan, R., Kundu, S., & Murugesapandian, B. (2025) · ACS Applied Energy Materials · doi:10.1021/acsaem.5c03152 · Cited by 1
Xu, W., Luo, C., Wan, K., Pei, X., Hua, M., Zhang, Z., Zhang, C., Ming, P., & Li, B. (2026) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2026.172599 · Cited by 1
Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Xie, H. (2026) · New Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d5nj04435a · Cited by 1
Haotian, M. A., Shangfeng, D., & Nikiforidis, G. (2025) · International Conference on Smart Power & Internet Energy Systems (SPIES) · doi:10.1109/spies67451.2025.11381511 · Cited by 1
Jacob, A., Revathy, V., Oviya, C., V, Fathima, M., Swetha, K., & Hemasri, S. (2026) · Biomass Futures · doi:10.1016/j.bmf.2026.100038 · Cited by 1
Rizwan, M., Zubair, M. A., Shahbaz, A. A., Malik, M. F. A., Ahmad, A., shahid, T., Ullah, M. A., & Riaz, K. N. (2026) · Materials Today Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.mtchem.2026.103556 · Cited by 1
Arumugampillai, M., Prakasan, H. N., Priya, S. S., & Kumarasamy, S. (2026) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.5c05945 · Cited by 3
Ugli, M. S. M., Mausam, K., Kondababu, D., Mahajan, S., Reddy, M. S., Jain, R., Pappu, S., Ramya, M., Rajendran, A., & Murali, M. (2026) · Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy · doi:10.1002/ep.70468 · Cited by 1
Hosamane, S., Kottam, N., Motappa, M. G., & Aishwarya, C. S. (2026) · ACS Applied Nano Materials · doi:10.1021/acsanm.6c00672 · Cited by 1
Emerging Flexible Sensor Technologies for In-Situ Monitoring in PEMFCs: A Comprehensive Review
Luo, T., Dai, Y., Le, J., Zheng, Y., Jiang, C., Wang, X., Zhu, X., Ke, Y., Chu, X., & Zhou, W. (2026) · Green Energy & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.gee.2026.05.015 · Cited by 1
Xie, T., Gerhard, O., Schneider, S., Cao, J., & Köhler, J. M. (2026) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi17060664 · Cited by 1
Zeng, L., Sander, R., Salimzadeh, S., Lupton, N., & Camilleri, M. (2026) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.155631 · Cited by 1
ENAYATI, M., Maria, F. D., Postrioti, L., & Anajafi, E. (2026) · Renewable energy focus · doi:10.1016/j.ref.2026.100879 · Cited by 1
Jung, D.-W. (2026) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano16120762 · Cited by 1
Zhang, H., Chen, M., Zhang, Y., Li, W., Zhao, Y. Q., Yu, B., Chen, F. Z., & Zhang, D. (2026) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2026.140448 · Cited by 1
Okidim, J. I., Diemuodeke, O. E., Ojapah, M. M., Ezekwem, C., Afrogha, S., & Okedu, K. E. (2026) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en19153656 · Cited by 1
State-to-State Rate Constants for the O(3P)H2(v) System: Quasiclassical Trajectory Calculations
Pelevkin, A. V., Arsentiev, I. V., Kadochnikov, I. N., Зубрилин, И. А., Filinov, E., & В., Я. Д. (2024) · Fire · doi:10.3390/fire7070220 · Cited by 1
Review on the Test Method of Water Electrolysis Hydrogen Production System
Jiao, D., Wang, X., & Hao, D. (2025) · SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series · doi:10.4271/2025-01-7095 · Cited by 1
Effect of hydrogen on deformation behavior in Ti-Mo and V-Mo precipitate-strengthened steels
Gong, P. L., Chuter, J., Liang, X., Lee, T. L., Birley, R., Hu, D., Pickering, E. J., Withers, P. J., & Rainforth, W. M. (2025) · Materialia · doi:10.1016/j.mtla.2025.102549 · Cited by 1
Silfia, Chandra, K. A., Ana, A. P., & Alfikri, M. R. (2025) · Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA · doi:10.29303/jppipa.v11i12.13443 · Cited by 1
Luo, Z., Guo, K., Zhou, S., Wang, T., Deng, J., Zhang, S., Su, B., & Liu, L. (2026) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.154108 · Cited by 1
Zhao, K., Lou, D., Zhang, Y., Fang, L., Tan, P., & Hu, Z. (2026) · SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series · doi:10.4271/2026-01-0330 · Cited by 1
Shahrear, S., Habib, M. A., Saiduzzaman, M., Pritom, A. D., Ibrahim, A. B. M., Alsalmi, O., Khan, M. W. A., & Elboughdiri, N. A. (2026) · International Journal of Green Energy · doi:10.1080/15435075.2026.2663316 · Cited by 1
Aziafor, J. D., Ramatsoma, B. S., Hassan, N. O., Koko, A., Bodunrin, M. O., & Klenam, D. E. P. (2026) · Review of Materials Research · doi:10.1016/j.revmat.2026.100230 · Cited by 1
Günther, M.-S., Yang, X., Zipplies, D., May, E. F., & Richter, M. J. (2026) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.156054 · Cited by 1
Abawalo, M., Pikoń, K., & Landrat, M. (2026) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en19174068 · Cited by 1
Large scale hydrogen production technologies – review and case study
Covaci, R., Ungureanu, Ș., Dumitrașcu, D.-G., & Micu, D. D. (2024) · International Conference on Energy Transition in the Mediterranean Area (SyNERGY MED) · doi:10.1109/synergymed62435.2024.10799504 · Cited by 1
The Scope of Hydrogen Production and Future in Agricultural Automation in India
Kumar, K., & Padhiary, M. (2025) · Cureus Journal of Engineering. · doi:10.7759/s44388-025-05899-6 · Cited by 1
Electrochemical Energy Conversion Techniques
Chen, Z., & Li, H. (2025) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527849291.ch02 · Cited by 1
Hydrogen Fuel Cells: Revolutionizing Energy with Efficiency and SustainabilityPreprint
Malik, N., Battisti, A., Cinelli, P., Das, S., & Rana, D. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6848271 · Cited by 1
Salsabila, L. D., & Malík, A. (2024) · Jurnal Penelitian dan Pembelajaran Fisika Indonesia · doi:10.29303/jppfi.v6i2.676
Zhao, J., Li, L., & Hu, Z. (2024) · International Conference on Power and Energy Systems (ICPES) · doi:10.1109/icpes63746.2024.10856638
Li, P., Ren, Y., Peng, C., & Wang, N. (2024) · Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC) · doi:10.1109/appeec61255.2024.10922542
Energy management of hydrogen tanks
Ansari, M. Y., Khalid, F., Suhail, S. A., & Ansari, K. B. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-44-313219-3.00169-6
Technical Challenges and Innovations in Hydrogen Storage
Aziz, O., Benyoussef, A., & Hamid Ez-zahraouy, A. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-8980-5.ch026
Preparation of Ir-Doped W18O49 Electrocatalysts and Study of Its OER Properties
冯, 磊. (2025) · Material Sciences · doi:10.12677/ms.2025.155101
Patil, R. B., Roy, A., Al‐Dahidi, S., Mane, S., Birajdar, D., Chaurasia, R., & Auti, S. M. (2025) · Hydrogen · doi:10.3390/hydrogen6020042
Ascheri, M. E., Beyer, U., Scheffler, S., Lohberger, S., Melzer, S., Arnold, J., & Cardoso, S. R. D. S. (2025) · Lecture notes in mechanical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-93891-7_35
Optimal Configuration of Electric-Hydrogen Energy System Based on Hydrogen Combined Transport Mode
Lai, Z., Zheng, W., Zhao, Y., Yang, Y., & Wang, J. (2025) · Asia Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering (ACPEE) · doi:10.1109/acpee64358.2025.11041034
Performance Characterization and Analysis of Electrolyzers
Kaya, M. F., Hüner, B., Kıstı, M., & Demïr, N. (2025) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394247653.ch11
581Chapter 22 Advancements and challenges in the transportation of natural hydrogen
Lagat, C. (2025) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783111437040-022
Assessing the potential of higher alcohols as green fuels for carbon circularity
Xu, X., Wang, L., Hu, Q., Ren, J., Fu, Y. X., Sun, R., Tang, Z., Chen, H., & Zeng, F. (2025) · Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cjche.2025.05.032
Hydrogen Production via Catalytic Steam Reforming of Ethanol
Kokkinos, N. C., Chira, A., Stoumbou, T., & Theodosaki, S. (2025) · Energy, environment, and sustainability · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-6620-1_7
Exploring bus operator preferences for zero-emission buses with a hybrid choice model
Fu, C., Tu, H.-T., & Lai, C. (2026) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2026.105060
Metadata
- Authors
- Rolo, I., Costa, V. A. F., & Brito, F. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Aveiro (PT)
- University of Minho (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Brito, Francisco P.
- Venue
- Energies
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-12-28
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 180
- ISSN
- 1996-1073 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4390347341
- Cited by
- 258
- References
- 121
- Citations by year
- 2026: 117 · 2025: 105 · 2024: 36
- FWCI
- 11.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Energies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (SFRH/BD/145124/2019, UIDB/00481/2020, UIDB/04077/2020, UIDP/00481/2020-FCT, CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022083, Norte2020)
- Centro Portugal Regional Operational Programme (Centro2020) (SFRH/BD/145124/2019, UIDB/00481/2020, UIDB/04077/2020, UIDP/00481/2020-FCT, CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022083, Norte2020)
- PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (SFRH/BD/145124/2019, UIDB/00481/2020, UIDB/04077/2020, UIDP/00481/2020-FCT, CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022083, Norte2020)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Energy Engineering and Power Technology › Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Hydrogen Storage and Materials
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Energy Engineering and Power Technology › Advanced Power Generation Technologies
- Keywords
- hydrogen energy carriers, green hydrogen, water electrolysis, solid oxide electrolysis cells, proton exchange membrane fuel cells, hydrogen storage, high-pressure hydrogen storage, underground hydrogen storage, hydrogen transport, gas turbines, reciprocating internal combustion engines, energy efficiency, decarbonization, technology readiness level, hydrogen production cost, renewable energy integration, waste heat recovery
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
