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Dietary Fluoride Intake and Associated Skeletal and Dental Fluorosis in School Age Children in Rural Ethiopian Rift Valley

Kebede, Aweke, Retta, Negussie, Abuye, Cherinet, Whiting, Susan, Kassaw, Melkitu, Zeru, Tesfaye, Tessema, Masresha, Kjellevold, Marian·2016·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
DOI 10.3390/ijerph13080756PMC PMC4997442
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Abstract

An observational study was conducted to determine dietary fluoride intake, diet, and prevalence of dental and skeletal fluorosis of school age children in three fluorosis endemic districts of the Ethiopian Rift Valley having similar concentrations of fluoride (F) in drinking water (~5 mg F/L). The duplicate plate method was used to collect foods consumed by children over 24 h from 20 households in each community (n = 60) and the foods, along with water and beverages, were analyzed for fluoride (F) content. Prevalence of dental and skeletal fluorosis was determined using presence of clinical symptoms in children (n = 220). Daily dietary fluoride intake was at or above tolerable upper intake level (UL) of 10 mg F/day and the dietary sources (water, prepared food and beverages) all contributed to the daily fluoride burden. Urinary fluoride in children from Fentale and Adamitulu was almost twice (>5 mg/L) the concentration found in urine from children from Alaba, where rain water harvesting was most common. Severe and moderate dental fluorosis was found in Alaba and Adamitulu, the highest severity and prevalence being in the latter district where staple foods were lowest in calcium. Children in all three areas showed evidence of both skeletal and non-skeletal fluorosis. Our data support the hypothesis that intake of calcium rich foods in addition to using rain water for household consumption and preparation of food, may help in reducing risk of fluorosis in Ethiopia, but prospective studies are needed.

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Research works printed but not linked: 28

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Metadata

Authors
Kebede, A., Retta, N., Abuye, C., Whiting, S., Kassaw, M., Zeru, T., Tessema, M., & Kjellevold, M.
Affiliations
  • Food Science and Nutrition Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, P.O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  • Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  • ENGINE/Save the Children, P.O. Box 387, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  • College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
  • National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), P.O. Box 185, Bergen N-5002, Norway
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2016-07-26
Volume
13
Issue
8
Pages
756
ISSN
1660-4601
DOI
10.3390/ijerph13080756
PMC
PMC4997442
Cited by
58
References
0
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)

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