The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Why Do People Exercise in Natural Environments? Norwegian Adults’ Motives for Nature-, Gym-, and Sports-Based Exercise
Open accessAbstract
Exercise in natural environments (“green exercise”) confers numerous health benefits, but little is known about why people engage in green exercise. This study examined the importance of nature experiences as a motive for physical activity and the motivational profile of people who engage in green exercise compared to gym- and sports-based exercise. Physical activity motives and typical times spent in different domains of physical activity were reported by 2168 Norwegian adults in a survey. Experiencing nature was generally rated as the second-most important physical activity motive, exceeded only by convenience motives, and it was especially important for older adults and those who engage in greater amounts of instrumental physical activity. Green exercisers reported stronger motives concerning convenience and experiencing nature, whereas gym- or sports-based exercisers reported stronger motives for physical health and sociability. The motives associated with different leisure-time exercise domains may assist in understanding optimal promotion of green exercise.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“People in Norway usually mention health benefits when they give reasons for their participation in friluftsliv .$^{6}$^{0}”
From Attentiveness to Nature in Learning Qigong in Norway (2017) · cites this paper as Calogiuri and Elliott 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, many people in Norway similarly perceive being in nature to have a health-enhancing effect that can be experienced in a very direct manner.”
From Attentiveness to Nature in Learning Qigong in Norway (2017) · cites this paper as Calogiuri and Elliott 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Exercise, physical activity, and self-determination theory: A systematic review
Teixeira, P. J., Carraça, E. V., Markland, D., Silva, M. N., & Ryan, R. M. (2012) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-9-78 · Cited by 2,963
A systematic review of evidence for the added benefits to health of exposure to natural environments
Bowler, D. E., Buyung-Ali, L. M., Knight, T. M., & Pullin, A. S. (2010) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-456 · Cited by 1,993 · cited 2×
“Systematic reviews of literature show that nature experiences can lead to positive psychophysiological states such as perceived stress relief and more positive states of wellbeing [7].”
BackgroundSniehotta, F. F., Scholz, U., & Schwarzer, R. (2005) · Psychology & Health · doi:10.1080/08870440512331317670 · Cited by 1,350
Research works printed but not linked: 39
- Bauman, 2012, Correlates of physical activity: Why are some people physically active and others not?, Lancet, 380, 258, 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60735-1 · DOI · Paper page
- Calogiuri, G., and Chroni, S. (2014). The impact of the natural environment on the promotion of active living: An integrative systematic review. BMC Public Health, 14. · DOI
- Lee, 2011, The health benefits of urban green spaces: A review of the evidence, J. Public Health, 33, 212, 10.1093/pubmed/fdq068 · DOI
- Elliott, 2015, Energy expenditure on recreational visits to different natural environments, Soc. Sci. Med., 139, 53, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.06.038 · DOI
- Sellers, 2012, Take a walk in the park? A cross-over pilot trial comparing brisk walking in two different environments: Park and urban, Prev. Med., 55, 438, 10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.09.005 · DOI
- Rhodes, 2015, Can the affective response to exercise predict future motives and physical activity behavior? A systematic review of published evidence, Ann. Behav. Med., 49, 715, 10.1007/s12160-015-9704-5 · DOI
- White, 2015, The effects of exercising in different natural environments on psycho-physiological outcomes in post-menopausal women: A simulation study, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 12, 11929, 10.3390/ijerph120911929 · DOI
- Paddle, E., and Gilliland, J. (2016). Orange Is the New Green: Exploring the Restorative Capacity of Seasonal Foliage in Schoolyard Trees. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13. · DOI
- White, 2016, Recreational physical activity in natural environments and implications for health: A population based cross-sectional study in england, Prev. Med., 91, 383, 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.08.023 · DOI · Paper page
- Frederick, 1993, Differences in motivation for sport and exercise and their relations with participation and mental health, J. Sport Behav., 16, 124
- Kilpatrick, 2005, College students’ motivation for physical activity: Differentiating men’s and women’s motives for sport participation and exercise, J. Am. Coll. Health, 54, 87, 10.3200/JACH.54.2.87-94 · DOI
- Anderson, 2009, Proximate and distant visitors: Difference in importance ratings of beneficial experiences, J. Park Recreat. Adm., 26, 47
- Calogiuri, G. (2016). Natural environments and childhood experiences promoting physical activity, examining the mediational effects of feelings about nature and social networks. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13. · DOI
- Flowers, E.P., Freeman, P., and Gladwell, V.F. (2016). A cross-sectional study examining predictors of visit frequency to local green space and the impact this has on physical activity levels. BMC Public Health, 16. · DOI
- Dallimer, 2014, What personal and environmental factors determine frequency of urban greenspace use?, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 11, 7977, 10.3390/ijerph110807977 · DOI
- Hervik, S.E.K., and Skille, E. (2016). ‘I would rather put on warm clothes and go outdoors, than take off clothes to be indoors’–norwegian lay men’s notion of being outdoors during physical activity. Sport Soc., 1–15. · DOI
- Harte, 1995, The effects of running, environment, and attentional focus on athletes catecholamine and cortisol-levels and mood, Psychophysiology, 32, 49, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1995.tb03405.x · DOI
- Calogiuri, 2015, The potential of using exercise in nature as an intervention to enhance exercise behavior: Results from a pilot study, Percept. Motor Skills, 121, 350, 10.2466/06.PMS.121c17x0 · DOI
- Hug, 2009, Restorative qualities of indoor and outdoor exercise settings as predictors of exercise frequency, Health Place, 15, 971, 10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.03.002 · DOI
- Kaiser, 1991, Coefficient alpha for a principal component and the kaiser-guttman rule, Psychol. Rep., 68, 855, 10.2466/pr0.1991.68.3.855 · DOI
- Cattell, 1966, The scree test for the number of factors, Multivar. Behav. Res., 1, 245, 10.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10 · DOI · Paper page
- Comrey, A.L., and Lee, H.B. (2013). A First Course in Factor Analysis: Second Edition, Lawrence Eribaum Associates. · DOI · Paper page
- Townsend, 2011, Age-related differences in physical activity profiles of english adults, Prevent. Med., 52, 247
- Trost, 2002, Correlates of adults’ participation in physical activity: Review and update, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 34, 1996, 10.1097/00005768-200212000-00020 · DOI · Paper page
- Calogiuri, G., Patil, G.G., and Aamodt, G. (2016). Is green exercise for all? A descriptive study of green exercise habits and promoting factors in adult norwegians. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13. · DOI
- Aaltonen, 2014, Motives for physical activity among active and inactive persons in their mid-30s, Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports, 24, 727, 10.1111/sms.12040 · DOI
- Sang, 2016, The effects of naturalness, gender, and age on how urban green space is perceived and used, Urban For. Urban Green., 18, 268, 10.1016/j.ufug.2016.06.008 · DOI
- Sugiyama, 2008, Associations between characteristics of neighbourhood open space and older people’s walking, Urban For. Urban Green., 7, 41, 10.1016/j.ufug.2007.12.002 · DOI
- 2009, Like father, like son? Intergenerational transmission of values, attitudes, and behaviours in the environmental domain, J. Environ. Psychol., 29, 414, 10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.05.002 · DOI · Paper page
- Godin, 1986, The cognitive profile of those who intend to exercise but do not, Public Health Rep., 101, 521
- Duvall, 2011, Enhancing the benefits of outdoor walking with cognitive engagement strategies, J. Environ. Psychol., 31, 27, 10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.09.003 · DOI
- Sallis, 2006, An ecological approach to creating active living communities, Annu. Rev. Public Health, 27, 297, 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102100 · DOI · Paper page
- Kerr, 2006, Psychological responses to exercising in laboratory and natural environments, Psychol. Sport Exerc., 7, 345, 10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.09.002 · DOI
- Gatersleben, 2013, When walking in nature is not restorative—The role of prospect and refuge, Health Place, 20, 91, 10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.01.001 · DOI
- Butryn, 2003, The effects of park and urban settings on the moods and cognitive strategies of female runners, J. Sport Behav., 26, 335
- Sweet, 2014, Can persuasive messages encourage individuals to create action plans for physical activity?, J. Sport Exerc. Psychol., 36, 413, 10.1123/jsep.2013-0218 · DOI
- Stein, 1995, Psychological antecedents of flow in recreational sport, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 21, 125, 10.1177/0146167295212003 · DOI
- Hitchings, 2016, Indoor versus outdoor running: Understanding how recreational exercise comes to inhabit environments through practitioner talk, Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr., 41, 503, 10.1111/tran.12138 · DOI
- Deci, E.L., and Ryan, R.M. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior, Plenum. · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fongar, C., Aamodt, G., Randrup, T. B., & Solfjeld, I. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16132327 · Cited by 85
Quantifying the Causal Effect of Individual Mobility on Health Status in Urban Space
Zhang, Y., Xu, F., Xia, T., & Li, Y. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3494990 · Cited by 68
Individual and environmental factors associated with green exercise in urban and suburban areas
Pyky, R., Neuvonen, M., Kangas, K., Ojala, A., Lanki, T., Borodulin, K., & Tyrväinen, L. (2019) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.11.001 · Cited by 60
Enhancing the acute psychological benefits of green exercise: an investigation of expectancy effects
Flowers, E. P., Freeman, P., & Gladwell, V. F. (2018) · Psychology of Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.08.014 · Cited by 44
Attentiveness to Nature in Learning Qigong in Norway
Sagli, G. (2017) · Asian Medicine · doi:10.1163/15734218-12341388
Metadata
- Authors
- Calogiuri, G., & Elliott, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Inland Norway (NO)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Calogiuri, Giovanna
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2017-04-04
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 377
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5409578
- OpenAlex
- W2605218578
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 3.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Høgskolen i Innlandet
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Green Space and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management › Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management
- Keywords
- green exercise, exercise motivation, nature experience, gym-based exercise, leisure-time physical activity, older adults, physical activity promotion
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Environment, Female, Humans, Leisure Activities, Male, Motivation, Norway, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sports, Exercise
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
