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Indoor Exposure to Selected Air Pollutants in the Home Environment: A Systematic Review
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(1) Background: There is increasing awareness that the quality of the indoor environment affects our health and well-being. Indoor air quality (IAQ) in particular has an impact on multiple health outcomes, including respiratory and cardiovascular illness, allergic symptoms, cancers, and premature mortality. (2) Methods: We carried out a global systematic literature review on indoor exposure to selected air pollutants associated with adverse health effects, and related household characteristics, seasonal influences and occupancy patterns. We screened records from six bibliographic databases: ABI/INFORM, Environment Abstracts, Pollution Abstracts, PubMed, ProQuest Biological and Health Professional, and Scopus. (3) Results: Information on indoor exposure levels and determinants, emission sources, and associated health effects was extracted from 141 studies from 29 countries. The most-studied pollutants were particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10); nitrogen dioxide (NO2); volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including benzene, toluene, xylenes and formaldehyde; and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) including naphthalene. Identified indoor PM2.5 sources include smoking, cooking, heating, use of incense, candles, and insecticides, while cleaning, housework, presence of pets and movement of people were the main sources of coarse particles. Outdoor air is a major PM2.5 source in rooms with natural ventilation in roadside households. Major sources of NO2 indoors are unvented gas heaters and cookers. Predictors of indoor NO2 are ventilation, season, and outdoor NO2 levels. VOCs are emitted from a wide range of indoor and outdoor sources, including smoking, solvent use, renovations, and household products. Formaldehyde levels are higher in newer houses and in the presence of new furniture, while PAH levels are higher in smoking households. High indoor particulate matter, NO2 and VOC levels were typically associated with respiratory symptoms, particularly asthma symptoms in children. (4) Conclusions: Household characteristics and occupant activities play a large role in indoor exposure, particularly cigarette smoking for PM2.5, gas appliances for NO2, and household products for VOCs and PAHs. Home location near high-traffic-density roads, redecoration, and small house size contribute to high indoor air pollution. In most studies, air exchange rates are negatively associated with indoor air pollution. These findings can inform interventions aiming to improve IAQ in residential properties in a variety of settings.
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“Improving indoor air quality through household ventilation would result in a reduction in multiple adverse health outcomes, including respiratory illness (33), allergic symptoms, cancers, and premature mortality (168).”
From Review of the Impact of Housing Quality on Inequalities in Health and Well-Being (2023) · cites this paper as [168]
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Li, Y., Zeng, Q., Cai, S., Jiang, M., Jiang, X., Yang, L., Yan, K., Centomo, P., Meneghini, C., Ye, D., et al. (2026) · Journal of Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jes.2026.04.062
Metadata
- Authors
- Vardoulakis, S., Giagloglou, E., Steinle, S., Davis, A., Sleeuwenhoek, A., Galea, K. S., Dixon, K., & Crawford, J. O.
- Affiliations
- Australian National University (AU)
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (GB)
- Victoria University of Wellington (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Vardoulakis, Sotiris
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-12-02
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 8972
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7729884
- OpenAlex
- W3109809477
- Cited by
- 545
- References
- 164
- Citations by year
- 2026: 96 · 2025: 121 · 2024: 120 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 32
- FWCI
- 4.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde) (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Dyson Technology Ltd. (N/A)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Air Quality and Health Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Energy and Environment Impacts
- Keywords
- indoor air quality, indoor air pollution, particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, cigarette smoking, ventilation, air exchange rate, seasonal variation, respiratory health, asthma, children, housing renovation, traffic exposure, gas heaters
- MeSH terms
- Air Pollutants, Child, Humans, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Air Pollution, Indoor, Particulate Matter, Volatile Organic Compounds
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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