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Cited by 50Toxic Organic Pollutants ImpactAir Quality and Health ImpactsCarcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment

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Exposure to Particulate PAHs on Potential Genotoxicity and Cancer Risk among School Children Living Near the Petrochemical Industry

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Sopian, Nor Ashikin, Jalaludin, Juliana, Abu Bakar, Suhaili, Hamedon, Titi Rahmawati, Latif, Mohd Talib·2021·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
DOI 10.3390/ijerph18052575PMC PMC7967639
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Abstract

This study aimed to assess the association of exposure to particle-bound (PM2.5) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with potential genotoxicity and cancer risk among children living near the petrochemical industry and comparative populations in Malaysia. PM2.5 samples were collected using a low-volume sampler for 24 h at three primary schools located within 5 km of the industrial area and three comparative schools more than 20 km away from any industrial activity. A gas chromatography–mass spectrometer was used to determine the analysis of 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) priority PAHs. A total of 205 children were randomly selected to assess the DNA damage in buccal cells, employing the comet assay. Total PAHs measured in exposed and comparative schools varied, respectively, from 61.60 to 64.64 ng m−3 and from 5.93 to 35.06 ng m−3. The PAH emission in exposed schools was contributed mainly by traffic and industrial emissions, dependent on the source apportionment. The 95th percentiles of the incremental lifetime cancer risk estimated using Monte Carlo simulation revealed that the inhalation risk for the exposed children and comparative populations was 2.22 × 10−6 and 2.95 × 10−7, respectively. The degree of DNA injury was substantially more severe among the exposed children relative to the comparative community. This study reveals that higher exposure to PAHs increases the risk of genotoxic effects and cancer among children.

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Figure 1 Map of peninsular Malaysia and the study area (Terengganu State). The six schools are located in the districts of Dungun and Kemaman, Terengganu.
Figure 1 Map of peninsular Malaysia and the study area (Terengganu State). The six schools are located in the districts of Dungun and Kemaman, Terengganu.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) species in PM2.5 samples ((A): outdoor; (B): indoor).
Figure 2 Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) species in PM2.5 samples ((A): outdoor; (B): indoor).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Probabilistic distribution of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for exposed and comparative children.
Figure 3 Probabilistic distribution of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for exposed and comparative children.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Sensitivity analysis of carcinogenic risk for exposed children (A) and comparative children (B).
Figure 4 Sensitivity analysis of carcinogenic risk for exposed children (A) and comparative children (B).CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Sopian, N. A., Jalaludin, J., Abu Bakar, S., Hamedon, T. R., & Latif, M. T.
Affiliations
  • Universiti Putra Malaysia (MY)
  • Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
  • National University of Malaysia (MY)
Corresponding author
Jalaludin, Juliana
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-03-04
Volume
18
Issue
5
Pages
2575
ISSN
1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/ijerph18052575
PMC
PMC7967639
OpenAlex
W3135325204
Cited by
50
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5
FWCI
3.26
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Putra Malaysia) (acceptedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Universiti Putra Malaysia (GP-IPS/2016/9504000)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Air Quality and Health Impacts
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
Keywords
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PM2.5, particulate matter, genotoxicity, DNA damage, cancer risk, children, petrochemical industry, industrial emissions, vehicle emissions, source apportionment, incremental lifetime cancer risk, buccal epithelial cells, air pollution exposure
MeSH terms
Air Pollutants, Child, DNA Damage, Environmental Monitoring, Humans, Malaysia, Mouth Mucosa, Neoplasms, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Schools, Seasons, Risk Assessment, Particulate Matter

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Exposure to Particulate PAHs on Potential Genotoxicity and Cancer Risk among School Children Living Near the Petrochemical Industry. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3390/ijerph18052575
The paper
Sopian, N. A., Jalaludin, J., Abu Bakar, S., Hamedon, T. R., & Latif, M. T. (2021). Exposure to Particulate PAHs on Potential Genotoxicity and Cancer Risk among School Children Living Near the Petrochemical Industry. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052575