Gender-Specific Prevalence and Risk Factors of Sarcopenic Obesity in the Korean Elderly Population: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study
Open accessAbstract
Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is characterized by the combination of sarcopenia and obesity. This study evaluates the gender-specific prevalence of SO and examines the identified gender-specific risk factors in a community-dwelling elderly population aged 75–84 years. A total of 813 subjects participated in the study via the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The SO prevalence in males and females was 15.46% (95%CI: 11.36–20.70) and 13.59% (95%CI: 10.59–17.28), respectively. The clinical sex-specific risk factors for males were low height, high weight, body mass index, waist circumference, skeletal muscle index, fasting glucose, and triglycerides. The clinical risk factors for females were low height, high weight, body mass index, waist circumference, skeletal muscle index, smoking status, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure. These results are essential to assist healthcare professionals and primary care clinicians with early detection, diagnosis, and intervention for potential SO patients by acknowledging the sex-based prevalence and risk factors.
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SO might be influenced by multiple shared factors and pathophysiological pathways that affect both sarcopenia and obesity, including age, sedentary lifestyle, lack of muscle exercise, hormone levels, nutritional status, insulin resistance, systemic inflammation and others.
“SO might be influenced by multiple shared factors and pathophysiological pathways that affect both sarcopenia and obesity, including age, sedentary lifestyle, lack of muscle exercise, hormone levels, nutritional status, insulin resistance, systemic inflammation and others [14, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27].”
From Sarcopenic Obesity Phenotype Index (SOP <i>i</i> ): A Population‐Based Study (2025) · cites this paper as [23]
The Discussion (page unavailable) links sarcopenic obesity to age-related hormone changes and low energy expenditure, and discusses physical inactivity, insulin resistance, and inflammation in related metabolic pathways. It does not identify nutritional status or lack of muscle-specific exercise as influences on sarcopenic obesity; its discussion of inflammation concerns a consequence of increased visceral fat rather than an established cause of sarcopenic obesity. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPrevious studies have shown similar results on lean and fat mass and inconclusive results on the continuous or dose-response effect of protein intake effect on HGS.
“Previous studies have shown similar results on lean and fat mass and inconclusive results on the continuous or dose–response effect of protein intake effect on HGS [20, 23, 24, 39].”
From Sarcopenic Obesity Phenotype Index (SOP <i>i</i> ): A Population‐Based Study (2025) · cites this paper as [23]
The Discussion addresses muscle loss and sarcopenic obesity, and the Methods define low muscle mass and obesity, but neither reports comparable findings on lean and fat mass in relation to protein intake. Searches for protein intake, HGS, and dose–response effects found no passage addressing the claimed inconclusive relationship. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHigher triglyceride levels were associated with SO in males but not in females.
“More recently, higher triglyceride levels were associated with SO in males but not in females [14].”
From Identification of factors associated with sarcopenic obesity development: Literature review and expert panel voting (2024) · cites this paper as [14]
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References 47 · Cited by 52
- Authors
- Hwang, J., & Park, S.
- Affiliations
- Yeungnam University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Park, Soonjee
- ORCID
- Hwang, Jongseok
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-01-09
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1140
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9858646
- OpenAlex
- W4313824498
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 13
- FWCI
- 9.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2021R1A6A1A03040177)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Keywords
- sarcopenic obesity, sarcopenia, obesity, older adults, sex differences, prevalence, risk factors, skeletal muscle mass, body mass index, waist circumference, smoking, fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Nutrition Surveys, Obesity, Risk Factors, Body Mass Index, Prevalence, Sarcopenia, Republic of Korea
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