The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Indirect Potable Reuse: A Sustainable Water Supply Alternative
Open accessAbstract
The growing scarcity of potable water supplies is among the most important issues facing many cities, in particular those using single sources of water that are climate dependent. Consequently, urban centers are looking to alternative sources of water supply that can supplement variable rainfall and meet the demands of population growth. A diversified portfolio of water sources is required to ensure public health, as well as social, economical and environmental sustainability. One of the options considered is the augmentation of drinking water supplies with advanced treated recycled water. This paper aims to provide a state of the art review of water recycling for drinking purposes with emphasis on membrane treatment processes. An overview of significant indirect potable reuse projects is presented followed by a description of the epidemiological and toxicological studies evaluating any potential human health impacts. Finally, a summary of key operational measures to protect human health and the areas that require further research are discussed.
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“Wastewater treatment plants do not properly address the removal of emerging micropollutants, such as pesticides, and thus these compounds contaminate water sources of public drinking water systems.”
From Development of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents for extraction of pesticides from aqueous environments (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Although conventional Drinking Water Treatment Plant (DWTP) multistep treatment processes use advanced technologies as adsorption, membrane fi ltration, ozonation and chlorination, none was speci fi cally designed to remove pesticides and thus are not effective [15,16].”
From Development of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents for extraction of pesticides from aqueous environments (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
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Citations
Cites
Wastewater engineering : treatment and reuse
Metcalf, & Eddy (2004) · McGraw-Hill eBooks · Cited by 9,028
Kim, S. D., Cho, J., Kim, I. S., Vanderford, B. J., & Snyder, S. A. (2006) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2006.06.034 · Cited by 1,433
Role of membranes and activated carbon in the removal of endocrine disruptors and pharmaceuticals
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Factors affecting the rejection of organic solutes during NF/RO treatment—a literature review
Bellona, C. L., Drewes, J. E., Xu, P., & Amy, G. L. (2004) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2004.03.034 · Cited by 1,082
Snyder, S. A., Westerhoff, P. K., Yoon, Y., & Sedlak, D. L. (2003) · Environmental Engineering Science · doi:10.1089/109287503768335931 · Cited by 950
Barnes, K. K., Kolpin, D. W., Furlong, E. T., Zaugg, S. D., Meyer, M. T., & Barber, L. B. (2008) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.04.028 · Cited by 741
Australian drinking water guidelines
Alach, Z. (2008) · Cited by 590
Mills, L. J., & Chichester, C. O. (2005) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.12.070 · Cited by 553
Huang, C., & Sedlak, D. L. (2001) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.5620200114 · Cited by 391
Public perception and participation in water reuse
Hartley, T. W. (2006) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2005.04.072 · Cited by 299
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- National Research Council (1999). Setting priorities for drinking water contaminants, National Academic Press.
- National Research Council (1998). Issues in potable reuse: The viability of augmenting drinking water supplies with reclaimed water, National Academic Press.
- Christen, 2005, Water reuse: Getting past the ‘yuck factor’, Water Environ. Technol, 17, 11
- Seah, 2003, Singapore's NeWater demonstration project: Another milestone in indirect potable reuse, Water, 30, 43
- Singapore Government (2002). Singapore water reclamation study: Expert panel review and findings, Singapore.
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- Lacy, SM (2005). Water Conservation, Reuse, and Recycling, National Academic Press.
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Cited by
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Items 201–210 of 210
Martín-Sómer, M., Pichel, N., Sanchez, N., & Marugán, J. (2026) · Journal of Water Process Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109762
Pham, N. L., Su, Y., Lee, H.-J., & Huh, S.-Y. (2026) · Sustainable Water Resources Management · doi:10.1007/s40899-026-01338-4
Challenges Linked to Water Reuse and Integrated Management
Ramteke, P. K., & Rathod, A. P. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-14545-1_23
Gaurav, N., Tripathi, P., Ali, Y., Dimri, V., & Gairola, L. (2025) · Springer water · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-02750-4_12
Economic, Environmental, and Social Impacts of the Adoption of Circular Economy
(2026) · American Society of Civil Engineers eBooks · doi:10.1061/9780784486689.ch7
Ryu, J., Kim, Y., Jeon, Y., Park, J., & Oh, H. (2026) · Journal of The Korean Society of Water and Wastewater · doi:10.11001/jksww.2026.40.3.367
Self-healing membranes for long term water filtration
Alsharif, M. A., & Alghamdi, N. (2026) · Desalination and Water Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.dwt.2026.101943
Cost-Effective Plant Design for Wastewater and Sludge Treatment for Non-potable and Potable Reuse
Bhardwaj, G., Abdulkadhim, M., Mali, A., Koubaa, A., & Eldyasti, A. (2026) · The handbook of environmental chemistry · doi:10.1007/698_2026_1293
Advanced wastewater and drinking water treatment processes
Kuyumcu, Ö. K., Bayazit, Ş. S., & Aydın, Y. A. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-36414-3.00010-x
Ormerod, K. J. (2015) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
Metadata
- Authors
- Rodriguez, C., Van Buynder, P., Lugg, R., Blair, P., Devine, B., Cook, A., & Weinstein, P.
- Affiliations
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Grace Vaughan House 227 Stubbs Terrace, Shenton Park, WA 6008 Western Australia, Australia
- Government of Western Australia (AU)
- Water Corporation of Western Australia (Australia) (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Rodriguez, Clemencia
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2009-03-17
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1174-1203
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2672392
- OpenAlex
- W1987953032
- Cited by
- 210
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 0.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UniSA Research Outputs Repository (University of South Australia) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Digital Library Of The Commons Repository (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Curtin University of Technology
- Office of Science
- DOD Prostate Cancer Research Program
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Membrane Separation Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fecal contamination and water quality
- Keywords
- indirect potable reuse, water reuse, membrane treatment, drinking water supply, water scarcity, reclaimed water, human health effects, toxicology, water reuse regulation, urban water supply
- MeSH terms
- Conservation of Natural Resources, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Public Health, Epidemiologic Studies, Water Purification, Toxicity Tests
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