The DOI matches its Crossref record; 304 of the 304 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Axonal Organelles as Molecular Platforms for Axon Growth and Regeneration after Injury
Abstract
Investigating the molecular mechanisms governing developmental axon growth has been a useful approach for identifying new strategies for boosting axon regeneration after injury, with the goal of treating debilitating conditions such as spinal cord injury and vision loss. The picture emerging is that various axonal organelles are important centers for organizing the molecular mechanisms and machinery required for growth cone development and axon extension, and these have recently been targeted to stimulate robust regeneration in the injured adult central nervous system (CNS). This review summarizes recent literature highlighting a central role for organelles such as recycling endosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, autophagosomes and the proteasome in developmental axon growth, and describes how these organelles can be targeted to promote axon regeneration after injury to the adult CNS. This review also examines the connections between these organelles in developing and regenerating axons, and finally discusses the molecular mechanisms within the axon that are required for successful axon growth.
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![Figure 1 Proposed model for inter-organellar interactions within the axon shaft. Within the cell, various organelles form transient or permanent interactions with each other. Many of these organellar inter-connections have previously been documented in the axon (such as ER-mitochondria, ER-lysosome, ER-endosome, mitochondria-lysosome) but some are yet to be studied. This model proposes that membrane-contact sites between pairs of organelles or multiple organelles could occur in the axon shaft near the growth cone of developing or regenerating axons. These interactions play an essential role in numerous processes involved in axon growth and regeneration such as lipid signaling and trafficking, protein turnover, intracellular signaling, calcium buffering, receptor trafficking and energy homeostasis. Future studies on the developmental regulation of the quantity and dynamics of inter-organelle membrane contact sites could provide clues on how they can be targeted to boost axon growth and regeneration. Figure created with BioRender.com (www.biorender.com [last accesses 18 January 2021]).](/paper-figures/8f2e30966e0e41139462eb5bcb106f90/axonal-organelles-as-molecular-platforms-for-axon-growth-and-regeneration-after-figure-1.jpg)
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“Conversely, loss-of-function mutations or down-regulation of Rab5, Rab4, Rab35, Rab33a or Rab10 result in impaired axonal growth.13”
From Endosomal protein DENND10 promotes developmental competence of neurite extension (2025) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“Rab11 and Rab35, two small GTPases found on recycling endosomes, promote neurite outgrowth and axonal elongation.7,13”
From Endosomal protein DENND10 promotes developmental competence of neurite extension (2025) · cites this paper as [13]
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Cited by
Roy, D., & Tedeschi, A. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10051078 · Cited by 68
Endosomal protein DENND10 promotes developmental competence of neurite extension
Li, A., Zhang, J., Ma, C., Qi, L., Hu, Q., Li, Q., Fang, Y., Song, J., Liu, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.112385
Metadata
- Authors
- Petrova, V., Nieuwenhuis, B., Fawcett, J. W., & Eva, R.
- Affiliations
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-02-11
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1798
- ISSN
- 1422-0067
- PMC
- PMC7918155
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 304
- Language
- en
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (MR/R004544/1)
- Czech Ministry of Education (CZ.02.1.01/0.0./0.0/ 15_003/0000419)
- International Foundation for Research in Paraplegia (RG88062)
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- Petrova, V., Nieuwenhuis, B., Fawcett, J. W., & Eva, R. (2021). Axonal Organelles as Molecular Platforms for Axon Growth and Regeneration after Injury. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041798
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