The DOI matches its Crossref record; 114 of the 115 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Current Concepts of Psoriasis Immunopathogenesis
Open accessAbstract
Psoriasis is a recurrent, chronic, immune-mediated, systemic inflammatory disease of the skin, joints, and other organic systems. After atopic dermatitis, chronic stationary psoriasis is the most common inflammatory skin disease, affecting an average of 2–4% of the world’s population. The disease carries a significant burden due to its numerous comorbidities and the major impact on patients’ social and emotional aspects of life. According to current knowledge, psoriasis is a multifactorial disease that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals under various environmental factors, which trigger an immune response disorder with a series of complex inflammatory cascades. The disease is initiated and maintained by mutual interaction of the innate and adaptive immune cells, primarily dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, and keratinocytes, whose leading role alternates at different stages of the disease, consisting mainly in the IL-23/Th17 pathway. Inflammatory events result in consequent epidermal and dermal changes and evolution of the characteristic psoriatic phenotype, respectively. This paper aims to present a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on psoriasis genetic and environmental etiological factors, immunopathogenesis, and the leading cellular and cytokine participants in the inflammatory pathways of this disease.
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“This keratinocyte activation amplifies the recruitment of neutrophils and additional CCR6+ Th17 cells, reinforcing the inflammatory infiltrate [23,25].”
From The Cutaneous Immune Microenvironment in Selected Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Linking Histopathology, Mechanisms, and Targeted Therapy (2026) · cites this paper as [25]
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“In psoriasis, histopathological findings include acanthosis, parakeratosis, neutrophilic microabscesses, and prominent dermal vascular proliferation.”
From The Cutaneous Immune Microenvironment in Selected Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Linking Histopathology, Mechanisms, and Targeted Therapy (2026) · cites this paper as [25]
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In the citing paper
“Th17-derived cytokines, particularly IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22, act directly on keratinocytes, inducing hyperproliferation, impaired terminal differentiation, and a marked increase in the production of chemokines such as CXCL1, antimicrobial peptides, and pro-inflammatory mediators.”
From The Cutaneous Immune Microenvironment in Selected Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Linking Histopathology, Mechanisms, and Targeted Therapy (2026) · cites this paper as [25]
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“These reflect activation of the IL-23/Th17 axis.”
From The Cutaneous Immune Microenvironment in Selected Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Linking Histopathology, Mechanisms, and Targeted Therapy (2026) · cites this paper as [25]
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Citations
Cites
Psoriasis Pathogenesis and Treatment
Rendón, A., & Schäkel, K. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20061475 · Cited by 2,196
Interleukin-22, a TH17 cytokine, mediates IL-23-induced dermal inflammation and acanthosis
Zheng, Y., Danilenko, D. M., Valdez, P. A., Kasman, I. M., Eastham‐Anderson, J., Wu, J., & Ouyang, W. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05505 · Cited by 1,888
Lowes, M. A., Suárez‐Fariñas, M., & Krueger, J. G. (2014) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120225 · Cited by 1,710
Genome-wide scan reveals association of psoriasis with IL-23 and NF-κB pathways
Nair, R. P., Duffin, K. C., Helms, C., Ding, J., Stuart, P. E., Goldgar, D. E., Gudjonsson, J. E., Li, Y., Tejasvi, T., Feng, B., et al. (2009) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.311 · Cited by 1,433
Schweiger, D., Baufeld, C., Drescher, P., Oltrogge, B., Höpfner, S., Mess, A., Lüttke, J., Rippke, F., Filbry, A. W., & Max, H. (2013) · Skin Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1159/000348473 · Cited by 1,349
Psoriasis and comorbid diseases
Takeshita, J., Grewal, S. K., Langan, S., Mehta, N. N., Ogdie, A., Voorhees, A. S. V., & Gelfand, J. M. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2016.07.064 · Cited by 1,228
A systematic review of worldwide epidemiology of psoriasis
Michałek, I. M., Loring, B., & John, S. M. (2016) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.13854 · Cited by 1,158
Plasmacytoid predendritic cells initiate psoriasis through interferon-α production
Nestle, F. O., Conrad, C., Tun-Kyi, A., Homey, B., Gombert, M., Boyman, O., Burg, G., Liu, Y.-J., & Gilliet, M. F. (2005) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20050500 · Cited by 1,126
Anti–Interleukin-17 Monoclonal Antibody Ixekizumab in Chronic Plaque Psoriasis
Leonardi, C. L., Matheson, R. T., Zachariae, C. O. C., Cameron, G. S., LI, L. C., Edson‐Heredia, E., Braun, D., & Banerjee, S. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1109997 · Cited by 933
Brodalumab, an Anti–Interleukin-17–Receptor Antibody for Psoriasis
Papp, K. A., Leonardi, C. L., Menter, A., Ortonne, J. P., Krueger, J. G., Kricorian, G., Aras, G. A., Li, J., Russell, C. B., Thompson, E. H. Z., et al. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1109017 · Cited by 932
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 115 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
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Signaling pathways and targeted therapies for psoriasis
Guo, J., Zhang, H., Lin, W., Lu, L., Su, J., & Chen, X. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01655-6 · Cited by 489
Dendritic Cells and Macrophages in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis
Kamata, M., & Tada, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.941071 · Cited by 204
Psoriatic Arthritis: Pathogenesis and Targeted Therapies
Azuaga, A., Ramírez, J., & Cañete, J. D. D. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24054901 · Cited by 205
Bi, D., Qu, F., Xiao, W., Wu, J., Liu, P., Du, H., Xie, Y., Liu, H., Zhang, L., Tao, J., et al. (2023) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.2c08979 · Cited by 189
Comprehensive Insight into Lichen Planus Immunopathogenesis
Vičić, M., Hlača, N., Kaštelan, M., Brajac, I., Tokmadžić, V. S., & Massari, L. P. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24033038 · Cited by 123
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Vičić, M., Kaštelan, M., Brajac, I., Sotošek, V., & Massari, L. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Rijeka (HR)
- Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Intensive Care, Medical Faculty University of Rijeka, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Tome Strižića 3, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Corresponding author
- Massari, Larisa Prpić
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-10-26
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 11574
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8584028
- OpenAlex
- W3209863967
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 115
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 2.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- University of Rijeka (biomed-uniri-18-43)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Spondyloarthritis Studies and Treatments
- Keywords
- psoriasis, immunopathogenesis, IL-23/Th17 pathway, dendritic cells, T cells, keratinocytes, innate and adaptive immunity, genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, cytokines, skin inflammation, comorbidities
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Inflammation, Phenotype, Psoriasis, Signal Transduction, Keratinocytes, Cytokines
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