Biobased Functional Carbon Materials: Production, Characterization, and Applications—A Review
Open accessAbstract
Even though research on porous carbon materials from biomass dates back to at least hundred years, it is still an extremely relevant topic. These materials can be found in applications that range from those that are widely known, such as water treatment, to others that are newer and indispensable for the transition towards environmentally friendly technologies, such as lithium- and sodium-ion batteries. This review summarizes some of the most relevant research that has been published concerning production technologies, insights on the chemical reaction mechanisms, characterization techniques, as well as some examples of the applications and the properties that the carbon materials must fulfil to be used in those applications.
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Cellulose and lignin significantly decompose under hydrothermal conditions above approximately 200 °C.
“the cellulose and lignin significantly decomposes under hydrothermal conditions above approximately 200 ° C [57, 58].”
From Preparation of Microporous Carbon from <i>Sargassum horneri</i> by Hydrothermal Carbonization and KOH Activation for CO<sub>2</sub> Capture (2018) · cites this paper as [57]
Section 2.2 (Hydrothermal Carbonization; page not available) says cellulose is hydrolyzed under hydrothermal conditions, but lignin undergoes only partial hydrolysis and decomposes less strongly than cellulose. It does not establish approximately 200 °C as a threshold for significant decomposition of both; the temperature discussion in Section 2.1 concerns pyrolysis, not hydrothermal treatment. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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References 152 · Cited by 93
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- [1]European Parliament Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC Official Journal of the European Union European Union 2009 Volume 52 16 62 Available online: http://www.buildup.eu/en/practices/publications/directive-200928ec-european-parliament-and-council-23-april-2009-promotion (accessed on 31 August 2018)
- [3]Chen J.Y. Activated Carbon Fiber and Textiles Woodhead Publishing Oxford, UK 2017 9780081006603
- [57]Mckee D.W. Spiro C.L. Kosky P.G Lamby E.J. Catalytic Effects of Alkali Metal Salts in the Gasification of Coal Char Symposium on Coal Gasification 1982 74 86 Available online: https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5568073 (accessed on 31 August 2018)
- [129]American Society for Testing and Materials D4607-94 Standard Test Method for Determination of Iodine Number of Activated Carbon ASTM Int. 2011 94 1 5 10.1520/D4607-94R11.2 · DOI
- [133]Madou M.J. Perez-Gonzalez V.H. Pramanick B. Carbon: The Next Silicon? Book 1, Fundamentals Momentum Press New York, NY, USA 2016 9781606507247
- Authors
- Correa, C. R., & Kruse, A.
- Affiliations
- Department of Conversion Technologies of Biobased Resources, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 9, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Hohenheim (DE)
- Venue
- Materials
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2018-08-31
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1568
- ISSN
- 1996-1944 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6164429
- OpenAlex
- W2888952009
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 152
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 0.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Materials (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie (ELAC2014/BEE-0367)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials › Supercapacitor Materials and Fabrication
- Keywords
- biomass-derived porous carbon, carbonization, reaction mechanism, carbon characterization, water treatment, lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries
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