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Cited by 291Aluminum Alloy Microstructure PropertiesAluminum Alloys Composites PropertiesMetallurgical and Alloy Processes

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Thermal Stability of Aluminum Alloys

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Czerwinski, Frank·2020·Materials
DOI 10.3390/ma13153441PMC PMC7435424
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Abstract

Thermal stability, determining the material ability of retaining its properties at required temperatures over extended service time, is becoming the next frontier for aluminum alloys. Its improvement would substantially expand their range of structural applications, especially in automotive and aerospace industries. This report explains the fundamentals of thermal stability; definitions, the properties involved; and the deterioration indicators during thermal/thermomechanical exposures, including an impact of accidental fire, and testing techniques. For individual classes of alloys, efforts aimed at identifying factors stabilizing their microstructure at service temperatures are described. Particular attention is paid to attempts of increasing the current upper service limit of high-temperature grades. In addition to alloying aluminum with a variety of elements to create the thermally stable microstructure, in particular, transition and rare-earth metals, parallel efforts are explored through applying novel routes of alloy processing, such as rapid solidification, powder metallurgy and additive manufacturing, engineering alloys in a liquid state prior to casting, and post-casting treatments. The goal is to overcome the present barriers and to develop novel aluminum alloys with superior properties that are stable across the temperature and time space, required by modern designs.

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  • Among alloying elements added to aluminum, magnesium has the highest diffusion coefficient in Al, surpassing both the self-diffusion coefficients of Al and the interdiffusion coefficients of Cu.

    “According to the literature, among all alloying elements added to aluminum, magnesium has the highest diffusion coefficient in Al, surpassing both the self-diffusion coefficients of Al and the interdiffusion coefficients of Cu [22].”

    From Solid-State Diffusion Bonding of Aluminum to Copper for Bimetallic Anode Fabrication (2024) · cites this paper as [22]

    Section 3.2.1 (page unavailable) says general alloying elements diffuse slightly faster than aluminum self-diffuses, while Cu has similar diffusivity to aluminum self-diffusion. It does not identify Mg as the fastest of all alloying elements or establish the claimed comparison with Cu interdiffusion. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • At 500 °C, diffusion coefficients are 9.9 × 10−14 m2/s (Mg in Al), 4.0 × 10−14 m2/s (Cu in Al), and 4.3 × 10−14 m2/s (Al in Al); the diffusion rate of Mg in Al is twice that of Cu and Al, with even greater differences at lower bonding temperatures.

    “Bibliographic data show diffusion coefficients at 500 °C of 9.9 × 10−14 m2/s (Mg in Al), 4.0 × 10−14 m2/s (Cu in Al), and 4.3 × 10−14 m2/s (Al in Al). This means that the diffusion rate of Mg in Al at this temperature is twice that of Cu and Al, with even greater differences at lower bonding temperatures.”

    From Solid-State Diffusion Bonding of Aluminum to Copper for Bimetallic Anode Fabrication (2024) · cites this paper as [22]

    Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The diffusion coefficients of Fe and Mn in Al are more than two orders of magnitude lower than those of Cu and Al.

    “Both elements are present in the AA3003 base alloy (Fe: 0.72% and Mn: 1.51%, in weight), and their diffusion coefficients in Al are more than two orders of magnitude lower than those of Cu and Al [22].”

    From Solid-State Diffusion Bonding of Aluminum to Copper for Bimetallic Anode Fabrication (2024) · cites this paper as [22]

    Section 3.2.1 says Fe and Mn have lower diffusivities in aluminum, while Cu has diffusivity similar to aluminum self-diffusion. The passages do not establish that Fe and Mn are more than two orders of magnitude lower; the paper's explicit orders-of-magnitude comparison concerns rare-earth metals instead. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Metadata

Authors
Czerwinski, F.
Affiliations
CanmetMATERIALS, Natural Resources Canada, Hamilton, ON L8P 0A5, Canada
ORCID
Czerwinski, Frank
Venue
Materials
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2020-08-04
Volume
13
Issue
15
Pages
3441
ISSN
1996-1944 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/ma13153441
PMC
PMC7435424
OpenAlex
W3047134723
Cited by
291
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 75 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 4
FWCI
2.32
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Materials (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Natural Resources Canada (PERD)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Metals and Alloys › Aluminum Alloy Microstructure Properties
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Aluminum Alloys Composites Properties
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › General Materials Science › Metallurgical and Alloy Processes
Keywords
aluminum alloys, thermal stability, high-temperature service, microstructural stability, fire damage, service life prediction, rare earth alloying, transition metals, rapid solidification, powder metallurgy, additive manufacturing, automotive applications, aerospace applications

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