CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 15Zeolite Catalysis and SynthesisFermentation and Sensory AnalysisAdsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal

Preparation, Characterization, and Performance of Natural Zeolites as Alternative Materials for Beer Filtration

Open access
Cadar, Oana, Vagner, Irina, Miu, Ion, Scurtu, Daniela, Senila, Marin·2023·Materials
DOI 10.3390/ma16051914PMC PMC10004079
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

The clarity of the beer is essential to its marketability and good consumer approval. Moreover, the beer filtration aims to remove the unwanted constituents that cause beer haze formation. Natural zeolite, an inexpensive and widespread material, was tested as a substitute filter media for diatomaceous earth in removing the haze constituents in beer. The zeolitic tuff samples were collected from two quarries in Northern Romania: Chilioara, in which the zeolitic tuff has a clinoptilolite content of about 65%, and the Valea Pomilor quarry, containing zeolitic tuff with a clinoptilolite content of about 40%. Two-grain sizes, <40 and <100 µm, from each quarry were prepared and thermally treated at 450 °C in order to improve their adsorption properties and remove organic compounds and for physico-chemical characterization. The prepared zeolites were used for beer filtration in different mixtures with commercial filter aids (DIF BO and CBL3) in laboratory-scale experiments, and the filtered beer was characterized in terms of pH, turbidity, color, taste, flavor, and concentrations of the major and trace elements. The results showed that the taste, flavor, and pH of the filtered beer were generally not affected by filtration, while turbidity and color decreased with an increase in the zeolite content used in the filtration. The concentrations of Na and Mg in the beer were not significantly altered by filtration; Ca and K slowly increased, while Cd and Co were below the limits of quantification. Our results show that natural zeolites are promising aids for beer filtration and can be readily substituted for diatomaceous earth without significant changes in brewery industry process equipment and protocols for preparation.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/ma16051914

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Clinoptilolite was efficiently used as a natural and sustainable filter for beer; taste, flavor, and pH of the filtered beer were generally not affected, while turbidity and color decreased with increasing zeolite content.

    “clinoptilolite was efficiently used as natural and sustainable filter. The results showed that the taste, flavor, and pH of the filtered beer were generally not affected by filtration, while turbidity and color decreased with an increase in the zeolite content used in the filtration.”

    From Fundamental properties and sustainable applications of the natural zeolite clinoptilolite (2024) · cites this paper as Cadar et al. 2023

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Research works printed but not linked: 56

  1. [1]Iorizzo M. Coppola F. Letizia F. Testa B. Sorrentino E. Role of yeasts in the brewing process: Tradition and innovation Processes 2021 9 839 10.3390/pr9050839 · DOI
  2. [2]Ciont C. Epuran A. Kerezsi A.D. Coldea T.E. Mudura E. Pasqualone A. Zhao H. Suharoschi R. Vriesekoop F. Pop O.L. Beer safety: New challenges and future trends within craft and large-scale production Foods 2022 11 2693 10.3390/foods11172693 36076878 PMC9455588 · DOI
  3. [3]Marcos A. Serra-Majem L. Pérez-Jiménez F. Pascual V. Tinahones F.J. Estruch R. Moderate consumption of beer and its effects on cardiovascular and metabolic health: An updated review of recent scientific evidence Nutrients 2021 13 879 10.3390/nu13030879 33803089 PMC8001413 · DOI
  4. [4]Cimini A. Moresi M. Towards a diatomaceous earth- and PVPP-free clarification and stabilization process of rough beer at room-temperature conditions Int. J. Food Eng. 2018 83 129 137 29178150
  5. [5]Alves V. Gonçalves J. Figueira J.A. Ornelas L.P. Branco R.N. Câmara J.S. Pereira J.A. Beer volatile fingerprinting at different brewing steps Food Chem. 2020 326 126856 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126856 32450481 · DOI
  6. [6]Shafrai A.V. Permyakova L.V. Borodulin D.M. Sergeeva I.Y. Modeling the physiological parameters of brewer’s yeast during storage with natural zeolite containing tuffs using artificial neural networks Information 2022 13 529 10.3390/info13110529 · DOI
  7. [7]Slabý M. Štěrba K. Olšovská J. Fitration of Beer—A Review Filtrace piva—Review Kvasny Prum. 2018 64 173 184 10.18832/kp201823 · DOI
  8. [9]Mastanjević K. Krstanović V. Lukinac J. Jukić M. Vulin Z. Mastanjević K. Beer—The importance of colloidal stability (non-biological haze) Fermentation 2018 4 91 10.3390/fermentation4040091 · DOI
  9. [10]Braun F. Hildebrand N. Wilkinson S. Back W. Krottenthalerm M. Becker T. Large-scale study on beer filtration with combined filter aid additions to cellulose fibres J. Inst. Brew. 2011 117 314 328 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2011.tb00475.x · DOI
  10. [11]Niemsch K. Heinrich T. Raible-test for evaluation of filtration properties Int. J. Food Eng. 2000 106 277 285 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2000.tb00067.x · DOI
  11. [12]Mastanjević K. Krstanović V. Mastanjević K. Šarkanj B. Malting and brewing industries encounter Fusarium spp. Related Problems Fermentation 2018 4 3 10.3390/fermentation4010003 · DOI
  12. [13]Martinovic S. Vlahovic M. Boljanac T. Pavlovic L. Preparation of filter aids based on diatomites Int. J. Miner. Process. 2006 80 255 260 10.1016/j.minpro.2006.05.006 · DOI
  13. [14]Cimini A. Moresi M. Novel cold sterilization and stabilization process applied to a pale lager Int. J. Food Eng. 2015 145 1 9 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2014.08.002 · DOI
  14. [15]Devolli A. Kodra M. Shahinasi E. Stafasani M. Dara F. Determination of optimal diatomaceous earth doses to improve beer filtration Proceedings of the International Conferences on Food Science and Technology Durrës, Albania 27–29 October 2017 10.33107/ubt-ic.2017.153 · DOI
  15. [16]Editz N. Bentli I. Tatar I. Improvement in filtration characteristics of diatomite by calcination Int. J. Miner. Process. 2010 94 129 134 10.1016/j.minpro.2010.02.004 · DOI
  16. [17]Eroglu N. Emekci M. Athanassiou C. Applications of natural zeolites on agriculture and food production J. Sci. Food Agric. 2017 97 3487 3499 10.1002/jsfa.8312 28295317 · DOI
  17. [18]Ríos-Reyes C.A. Reyes-Mendoza G.A. Henao-Martínez J.A. Williams C. Dyer A. First report on the geologic occurrence of natural Na–A zeolite and associated minerals in cretaceous mudstones of the Paja formation of Vélez (Santander), Colombia Crystals 2021 11 218 10.3390/cryst11020218 · DOI
  18. [19]Cadar O. Senila M. Hoaghia M.-A. Scurtu D. Miu I. Levei E.A. Effects of thermal treatment on natural clinoptilolite-rich zeolite behavior in simulated biological fluids Molecules 2020 25 2570 10.3390/molecules25112570 32486499 PMC7321366 · DOI
  19. [20]Marquez M.P.M. Evaluation of a Substitute Filter Medium for Removal of Haze in Beer Master’s Thesis University of Adelaide, Department of Chemical Engineering Adelaide, Australia 2001
  20. [21]Pandová I. Rimár M. Panda A. Valíček J. Kušnerová M. Harničárová M. A Study of using natural sorbent to reduce iron cations from aqueous solutions Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020 17 3686 10.3390/ijerph17103686 32456216 PMC7277563 · DOI
  21. [22]Gernat D.C. Brouwer E.R. Faber-Zirkzee R.C. Ottens M. Flavour-improved alcohol-free beer—Quality traits, ageing and sensory perception Food Bioprod. Process. 2020 123 450 458 10.1016/j.fbp.2020.07.014 · DOI
  22. [23]Gernat D.C. Penning M.M. Swinkels F.M. Brouwer E.R. Ottens M. Selective off-flavor reduction by adsorption: A case study in alcohol-free beer Food Bioprod. Process. 2020 121 91 104 10.1016/j.fbp.2019.12.007 · DOI
  23. [24]Permyakova L.V. Pomozova V.A. Antipova L.V. Improvement of brewer’s yeast viability by adjusting wort composition Foods Raw Mater. 2017 5 94 104 10.21603/2308-4057-2017-2-94-104 · DOI
  24. [25]Tomasevic-Canovic M. Purification of natural zeolite-clinoptilolite for medical application-extraction of lead J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 2005 70 1335 1345 10.2298/JSC0511335T · DOI
  25. [26]Senila M. Cadar O. Miu I. Mercury determination in natural zeolites by thermal decomposition atomic absorption spectrometry: Method validation in compliance with eequirements for use as dietary supplements Molecules 2019 24 4023 10.3390/molecules24224023 31698864 PMC6891468 · DOI
  26. [28]Maicaneanu S.A. Bedelean H. Na+—NH4+ cation exchange study on treated zeolitic volcanic tuff in fixed bed column Studia UBB Chem. 2020 LXV 89 100 10.24193/subbchem.2020.3.07 · DOI
  27. [29]Senila M. Neag E. Cadar O. Hoaghia M.A. Roman M. Moldovan A. Hosu A. Lupas A. Kovacs E.D. Characteristics of volcanic tuff from Macicasu (Romania) and its capacity to remove ammonia from contaminated air Molecules 2022 27 3503 10.3390/molecules27113503 35684443 PMC9182413 · DOI
  28. [31]Koren D. Vecseri B.H. Kun-Farkas G. Urbin A. Nyitrai A. Sipos L. How to objectively determine the color of beer? J. Food Sci. Technol. 2020 57 1183 1189 10.1007/s13197-020-04237-4 32123439 PMC7026378 · DOI
  29. [32]Senila M. Cadar O. Miu I. Development and validation of a spectrometric method for Cd and Pb determination in zeolites and safety evaluation Molecules 2020 25 2591 10.3390/molecules25112591 32498463 PMC7321230 · DOI
  30. [33]Oren H. Kaya A. Factors affecting adsorption characteristics of Zn2+ on two natural zeolites J. Hazard. Mater. 2006 131 59 65 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.09.027 16266781 · DOI
  31. [34]Burris L.E. Juenger M.C.G. Milling as a pretreatment method for increasing the reactivity of natural zeolites for use as supplementary cementitious materials Cem. Concr. Compos. 2016 65 163 170 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.09.008 · DOI
  32. [36]Krol M. Mozgawa W. Jastrzebski W. Theoretical and experimental study of ion-exchange process on zeolites from 5-1 structural group J. Porous. Mater. 2016 23 1 9 10.1007/s10934-015-0050-6 · DOI
  33. [37]Simancas R. Chokkalingam A. Elangovan S.P. Liu Z. Sano T. Iyoki K. Wakihara T. Okubo T. Recent progress in the improvement of hydrothermal stability of zeolites Chem. Sci. 2021 12 7677 7695 10.1039/D1SC01179K 34168820 PMC8188473 · DOI
  34. [39]Guyot-Declerck C. Francois N. Ritter C. Govaerts B. Collin S. Influence of pH and ageing on beer organoleptic properties. A sensory analysis based on AEDA data Food. Qual. Prefer. 2005 16 157 162 10.1016/j.foodqual.2004.04.007 · DOI
  35. [41]Cimini A. Moresi M. Beer clarification using ceramic tubular membranes Food. Bioprocess. Technol. 2014 7 2694 2710 10.1007/s11947-014-1338-2 · DOI
  36. [42]Cimini A. Moresi M. Innovative rough beer conditioning process free from diatomaceous earth and polyvinylpolypyrrolidone Foods 2020 9 1228 10.3390/foods9091228 32899206 PMC7556021 · DOI
  37. [43]Pohl P. Determination and fractionation of metals in beer—A review Food Addit. Contam. 2008 25 693 703 10.1080/02652030701772323 18484298 · DOI
  38. [44]Senila M. Cadar O. Senila L. Angyus B.S. Simulated bioavailability of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn) in contaminated soil amended with natural zeolite using diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique Agriculture 2022 12 321 10.3390/agriculture12030321 · DOI
  39. [45]Wieczorek K. Turek A. Szczesio M. Wolf W.M. Comprehensive evaluation of metal pollution in urban soils of a post-industrial city—A case of Lodz, Poland Molecules 2019 25 4350 10.3390/molecules25184350 PMC7570559 32971977 · DOI
  40. [46]Frentiu T. Ponta M. Senila M. Mihaltan A.I. Darvasi E. Frentiu M. Cordos E. Evaluation of figures of merit for Zn determination in environmental and biological samples using EDL excited AFS in a new radiofrequency capacitively coupled plasma J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2010 25 739 742 10.1039/b918872j · DOI
  41. [47]Kushwaha A. Hans N. Kumar S. Radha R. A critical review on speciation, mobilization and toxicity of lead in soil microbeplant system and bioremediation strategies Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2018 147 1035 1045 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.09.049 29976006 · DOI
  42. [48]Senila M. Real and simulated bioavailability of lead in contaminated and uncontaminated soils J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng. 2014 12 108 10.1186/2052-336X-12-108 25097761 PMC4114113 · DOI
  43. [49]Eslami H. Esmaeili A. Razaeian M. Salari M. Hosseini A.N. Mobini M. Barani A. Potentially toxic metal concentration, spatial distribution, and health risk assessment in drinking groundwater resources of southeast Iran Geosci. Front. 2022 13 101276 10.1016/j.gsf.2021.101276 · DOI
  44. [50]Sun H.J. Rathinasabapathi B. Wu B. Luo J. Pu L.-P. LMa Q. Arsenic and selenium toxicity and their interactive effects in humans Environ. Int. 2014 69 148 158 10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.019 24853282 · DOI
  45. [51]Tanabe C.K. Hopfer H. Ebeler S.E. Nelson J. Conklin S.D. Kubachka K.M. Wilson R.A. Matrix extension and multilaboratory validation of arsenic speciation method EAM to include wine J. Agric. Food. Chem. 2017 65 4193 4199 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00855 28457128 · DOI
  46. [52]Official Journal of the European Union, DIRECTIVE (EU) 2020/2184 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2020 on the Quality of Water Intended for Human Consumption Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32020L2184&from=EN (accessed on 1 February 2023)
  47. [53]Charehsaz M. Helvacioglu S. Cetinkaya S. Demir R. Erdem O. Aydin A. Heavy metal and essential elements in beers from turkey market: A risk assessment study Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 2021 40 1241 1249 10.1177/0960327121993215 33550868 · DOI
  48. [54]Kostic D. Mitic S. Miletic G. The concentrations of Fe, Cu and Zn in selected wines from South-East Serbia J. Serbian. Chem. 2010 75 1701 1709 10.2298/JSC100104133K · DOI
  49. [55]Redan B.W. Jablonski J.E. Halverson C. Jaganathan J. Mabud M.A. Jackson L.S. Factors affecting transfer of the heavy metals arsenic, lead, and cadmium from diatomaceous-earth filter aids to alcoholic beverages during laboratory-scale filtration J. Agric. Food. Chem. 2019 67 2670 2678 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06062 30784277 PMC9116435 · DOI
  50. [56]Donadini G. Spalla S. Beone G.M. Arsenic, cadmium and lead in beers from the Italian market J. Inst. Brew. 2008 114 283 288 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2008.tb00770.x · DOI
  51. [57]Vincent J.B. New evidence against chromium as an essential trace element J. Nutr. 2017 147 2212 2219 10.3945/jn.117.255901 29021369 · DOI
  52. [58]Agnew U.M. Slesinger T.L. Zinc Toxicity. [Updated 19 October 2022] StatPearls [Internet] StatPearls Publishing Treasure Island, FL, USA 2022 Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554548/ (accessed on 1 February 2023)
  53. [59]Gong W. Tian W. Wang L. Bai J. Qiao K. Zhao J. Biological regeneration of brewery spent diatomite and its reuse in basic dye and chromium (III) ions removal Process. Saf. Environ. Prot. 2019 128 353 361 10.1016/j.psep.2019.05.024 · DOI
  54. [60]Cadar O. Stupar Z. Senila M. Levei L. Moldovan A. Becze A. Ozunu A. Levei E.A. Zeolites reduce the transfer of potentially toxic elements from soil to leafy vegetables Materials 2022 15 5657 10.3390/ma15165657 36013790 PMC9416071 · DOI
  55. [61]Mei W.Y. Hui T.H. Regeneration of the brewing spent diatomite Adv. Mater. Res. 2014 998–999 1425 1428 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.998-999.1425 · DOI
  56. [62]Nanayakkara R.D. Gunathilake C. Dassanayakec R.S. Suitability of reusing the spent diatomaceous earth in brick production: A review Adv. Technol. 2022 2 151 166 10.31357/ait.v2i2.5529 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Cadar, O., Vagner, I., Miu, I., Scurtu, D., & Senila, M.
Affiliations
  • Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation (RO)
  • National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies Romania, 4 Uzinei Street, 240050 Ramnicu Valcea, Romania
  • SC Utchim S.R.L., 12 Buda Street, 240127 Ramnicu Valcea, Romania
  • INCDO-INOE 2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
ORCID
Venue
Materials
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-02-25
Volume
16
Issue
5
Pages
1914
ISSN
1996-1944 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/ma16051914
PMC
PMC10004079
OpenAlex
W4322502761
Cited by
15
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1
FWCI
1.13
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Materials (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Competitiveness Operational Program of the Ministry of European Funds (MY SMIS 107874, PN 23 05)
  • Core Program within the National Research Development and Innovation Plan 2022–2027 (MY SMIS 107874, PN 23 05)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Inorganic Chemistry › Zeolite Catalysis and Synthesis
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Fermentation and Sensory Analysis
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
Keywords
natural zeolite, beer filtration, beer haze, clinoptilolite, zeolitic tuff, heat treatment, turbidity removal, beer color, trace elements, filter aids

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review