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Cited by 16Geotechnical and construction materials studiesGeotechnical Engineering and Soil StabilizationSoil Management and Crop Yield

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Lime Stabilization of Tropical Soil for Resilient Pavements: Mechanical, Microscopic, and Mineralogical Characteristics

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Diniz, Bruna Calabria, Fedrigo, William, Kleinert, Thaís Radünz, Batista, Giovanni dos Santos, Núñez, Washington Peres, Correa, Bethania Machado, Brito, Lélio Antônio Teixeira·2024·Materials
DOI 10.3390/ma17194720PMC PMC11478328
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Abstract

Lime stabilization is a sustainable technique due to its use of local materials, increased durability, reduced maintenance, and improved resistance to water action. This paper examines the impact of lime stabilization on the mechanical, microscopic, and mineralogical properties of a tropical soil. Two types of lime, calcitic and dolomitic, were tested at 3% and 5% by weight. Compressive, indirect tensile and flexural test results and statistical analysis revealed that calcitic lime mixtures had higher strength and stiffness, whereas dolomitic lime mixtures exhibited greater deformability with higher tensile strain at break. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the soil’s porous matrix closed within 7 days for both lime types due to flocculation, with increased matrix interlocking over time. The calcitic lime mixture developed a more closed matrix compared to the dolomitic lime, which showed weaker cementing. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated higher consumption of clay minerals and a notable reduction in calcium hydroxide peaks in the lime-treated soils. The study concludes that calcitic lime provides better pavement performance for stabilizing the soil, enhancing its engineering properties while also being sustainable by reducing the need for raw material extraction and improving resilience to climate-related issues such as floods.

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Crossref · 10.3390/ma17194720

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Figures

Figure 1 Methodological flowchart.
Figure 1 Methodological flowchart.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 XRD diffractogram of PS.
Figure 2 XRD diffractogram of PS.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Particle size distribution curve of PS.
Figure 3 Particle size distribution curve of PS.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 pH test results for soils samples with CL and DL.
Figure 4 pH test results for soils samples with CL and DL.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 Compaction curves of the samples.
Figure 5 Compaction curves of the samples.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 UCS results of the samples with different curing times.
Figure 6 UCS results of the samples with different curing times.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 7 Main effects graph for the UCS of soil-lime samples.
Figure 7 Main effects graph for the UCS of soil-lime samples.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 8 Interaction graphs for the UCS of soil-lime samples.
Figure 8 Interaction graphs for the UCS of soil-lime samples.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 9 Pareto chart of standardized effects for the UCS of soil-lime samples.
Figure 9 Pareto chart of standardized effects for the UCS of soil-lime samples.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 10 ITS results of the samples with different curing times.
Figure 10 ITS results of the samples with different curing times.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 11 Main effects graph for the ITS of soil-lime samples.
Figure 11 Main effects graph for the ITS of soil-lime samples.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 12 Interaction graphs for ITS of soil-lime samples.
Figure 12 Interaction graphs for ITS of soil-lime samples.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 13 Normalized tensile stress versus tensile strain curves for soil-lime samples.
Figure 13 Normalized tensile stress versus tensile strain curves for soil-lime samples.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 14 SEM analyses of PS and lime soil blends: (a) PS used with CL, (b) PS used with DL, (c) CL5%-7D, (d) DL5%-7D, (e) CL5%-90D, (f) DL5%-90D, (g) CL5%-120D, (h) DL5%-120D, (i) CL5%-180D, (j) DL5%-180D.
Figure 14 SEM analyses of PS and lime soil blends: (a) PS used with CL, (b) PS used with DL, (c) CL5%-7D, (d) DL5%-7D, (e) CL5%-90D, (f) DL5%-90D, (g) CL5%-120D, (h) DL5%-120D, (i) CL5%-180D, (j) DL5%-180D.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 15 SEM analyses of (a) CL 5% and (b) DL 5% blends after 90D of curing.
Figure 15 SEM analyses of (a) CL 5% and (b) DL 5% blends after 90D of curing.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 16 SEM analyses of (a,c) CL 5% and (b,d) DL 5% blends after 120D of curing.
Figure 16 SEM analyses of (a,c) CL 5% and (b,d) DL 5% blends after 120D of curing.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 17 XRD analyses of PS and CL blends for different curing ages (black circles indicate areas of interest).
Figure 17 XRD analyses of PS and CL blends for different curing ages (black circles indicate areas of interest).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 18 XRD analyses of PS and DL blends for different curing ages.
Figure 18 XRD analyses of PS and DL blends for different curing ages.CC BY · PubMed Central

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References 29 · Cited by 16

Research works printed but not linked: 33

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Metadata

Authors
Diniz, B. C., Fedrigo, W., Kleinert, T. R., Batista, G. D. S., Núñez, W. P., Correa, B. M., & Brito, L. A. T.
Affiliations
  • Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (BR)
  • Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (BR)
Corresponding author
Fedrigo, William
ORCID
Venue
Materials
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2024-09-26
Volume
17
Issue
19
Pages
4720
ISSN
1996-1944 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/ma17194720
PMC
PMC11478328
OpenAlex
W4402870086
Cited by
16
References
29
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 7
FWCI
2.51
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Materials (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
  • Lume (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
Funders
  • Brazilian government agencies National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)
  • Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)
  • Pavements Laboratory (Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Geotechnical and construction materials studies
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Stabilization
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Management and Crop Yield
Keywords
lime stabilization, tropical soils, calcitic lime, dolomitic lime, pavement base materials, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, soil microstructure, flocculation, calcium hydroxide, soil stiffness, sustainable road construction

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Lime Stabilization of Tropical Soil for Resilient Pavements: Mechanical, Microscopic, and Mineralogical Characteristics. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3390/ma17194720
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Diniz, B. C., Fedrigo, W., Kleinert, T. R., Batista, G. D. S., Núñez, W. P., Correa, B. M., & Brito, L. A. T. (2024). Lime Stabilization of Tropical Soil for Resilient Pavements: Mechanical, Microscopic, and Mineralogical Characteristics. Materials. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17194720