Dual-Domain Image Encryption in Unsecure Medium—A Secure Communication Perspective
Open accessAbstract
With the growing demand for digitalization, multimedia data transmission through wireless networks has become more prominent. These multimedia data include text, images, audio, and video. Therefore, a secure method is needed to modify them so that such images, even if intercepted, will not be interpreted accurately. Such encryption is proposed with a two-layer image encryption scheme involving bit-level encryption in the time-frequency domain. The top layer consists of a bit of plane slicing the image, and each plane is then scrambled using a chaotic map and encrypted with a key generated from the same chaotic map. Next, image segmentation, followed by a Lifting Wavelet Transform, is used to scramble and encrypt each segment’s low-frequency components. Then, a chaotic hybrid map is used to scramble and encrypt the final layer. Multiple analyses were performed on the algorithm, and this proposed work achieved a maximum entropy of 7.99 and near zero correlation, evidencing the resistance towards statistical attacks. Further, the keyspace of the cryptosystem is greater than 2128, which can effectively resist a brute force attack. In addition, this algorithm requires only 2.1743 s to perform the encryption of a 256 × 256 sized 8-bit image on a host system with a Windows 10 operating system of 64-bit Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-7200U CPU at 2.5 GHz with 8 GB RAM.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Teng, L., Wang, X., & Xian, Y. (2022) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2022.05.032 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Sine-transform-based chaotic system with FPGA implementation
Hua, Z., Zhou, B., & Zhou, Y. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2017.2736515 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sun, J., Li, C., Wang, Z., & Wang, Y. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2023.3312405 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mahalingam, H., Veeramalai, T., Menon, A. R., S., S., & Amirtharajan, R.
- Affiliations
- King Abdulaziz University (SA)
- School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
- Vellore Institute of Technology University (IN)
- School of Information Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
- SASTRA University (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Amirtharajan, Rengarajan
- Venue
- Mathematics
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-01-15
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 457
- ISSN
- 2227-7390 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4316467346
- Cited by
- 73
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 6.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Mathematics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Ministry of Education and King Abdulaziz University, DSR, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (IFPIP-1113-144-1443)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Computer Science and Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
- Keywords
- image encryption, chaotic maps, bit plane slicing, chaotic scrambling, lifting wavelet transform, image segmentation, key generation, statistical attack resistance, brute-force attack resistance, wireless multimedia transmission, secure communication
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review