Impact of Different Storage Methods on Bioactive Compounds in Arthrospira platensis Biomass
Open accessAbstract
Arthrospira platensis (spirulina) is considered a source of natural molecules with nutritional and health benefits. As the different storage forms can affect the quantity and quality of bioactive ingredients, the aim of the present work was to evaluate the effects of freezing, oven-drying and freeze-drying on chemical composition of spirulina biomass. Total proteins, photosynthetic pigments and antioxidants, were analyzed and compared to respective quantities in fresh biomass. The frozen sample exhibited the highest content of phycocyanin-C, phenols, and ascorbic acid, also respect to the fresh biomass. The highest total flavonoid amount was in the freeze-dried biomass. HPLC-DAD analysis of phenolic acids revealed the presence of the isoflavone genistein, known for its therapeutic role, in all the spirulina samples. The phosphomolybdenum method (TAC) and DPPH scavenging activity were applied to determine the antioxidant activity of different samples. The highest DPPH scavenging activity was detected in fresh and freeze-dried biomass and it was positively related to carotenoid content. A positive correlation indicated that carotenoids, chlorophyll, ascorbic acid and all phenolic compounds were the major contributors to the TAC activity in spirulina biomass. The results highlighted a different functional value of spirulina biomass, depending on the processing methods used for its storage.
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Frozen Arthrospira platensis biomass lacked p-cumaric and ferulic acids compared to fresh Arthrospira platensis.
“Comparing the presence of phenolic compounds to fresh Arthrospira platensis, oven-dried biomass lacked quercetin and caffeic acid, frozen lacked p-cumaric and ferulic acids, and freeze-dried biomass lacked catechin, caffeic acid, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (Table 2 and Table 3) [83].”
From Biologically-Based and Physiochemical Life Support and In Situ Resource Utilization for Exploration of the Solar System—Reviewing the Current State and Defining Future Development Needs (2021) · cites this paper as [83]
Section 2.4 (page unavailable) reports that fresh A. platensis contained p-coumaric and ferulic acids and that these phenols were not present in every extract. The passages do not identify the frozen extract as lacking either acid, so the frozen-versus-fresh comparison is not fully supported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.79)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFreeze-dried Arthrospira platensis biomass lacked catechin, caffeic acid, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid compared to fresh Arthrospira platensis.
“Comparing the presence of phenolic compounds to fresh Arthrospira platensis, oven-dried biomass lacked quercetin and caffeic acid, frozen lacked p-cumaric and ferulic acids, and freeze-dried biomass lacked catechin, caffeic acid, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (Table 2 and Table 3) [83].”
From Biologically-Based and Physiochemical Life Support and In Situ Resource Utilization for Exploration of the Solar System—Reviewing the Current State and Defining Future Development Needs (2021) · cites this paper as [83]
Section 2.4 reports that caffeic acid was present only in fresh and frozen biomass and that catechin was undetectable in the freeze-dried sample. It also reports p-hydroxybenzoic acid in fresh biomass, but the passages from our copy do not establish that it was absent from freeze-dried biomass; that part of the claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe main avenues of storage for cyanobacteria are frozen, freeze dried, and oven-dried.
“The main avenues of storage for cyanobacteria are frozen, freeze dried, and oven-dried, all of which were reviewed by Papalia et al.”
From Biologically-Based and Physiochemical Life Support and In Situ Resource Utilization for Exploration of the Solar System—Reviewing the Current State and Defining Future Development Needs (2021) · cites this paper as [83]
The Introduction identifies A. platensis as a cyanobacterium and discusses freezing, freeze-drying, and oven-drying as ways to preserve spirulina biomass; the Methods section confirms that the study compared all three. The paper does not establish that these are the main storage methods for cyanobacteria generally, and it reports an experiment rather than a review. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOven-dried Arthrospira platensis biomass lacked quercetin and caffeic acid compared to fresh Arthrospira platensis.
“Comparing the presence of phenolic compounds to fresh Arthrospira platensis, oven-dried biomass lacked quercetin and caffeic acid, frozen lacked p-cumaric and ferulic acids, and freeze-dried biomass lacked catechin, caffeic acid, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (Table 2 and Table 3) [83].”
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References 65 · Cited by 69
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [55]Zarrouk C. Contribution à L’étude d’une Cyanophycée. Influence de Divers facteurs Physiques et Chimiques sur la Croissance et la Photosynthese de Spirulina maxima Geitler Ph.D. Thesis University of Paris Paris, France 1996
- Authors
- Papalia, T., Sidari, R., & Panuccio, M. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Reggio Calabria (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Panuccio, Maria Rosaria
- Venue
- Molecules
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-08-01
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 2810
- ISSN
- 1420-3049 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6696024
- OpenAlex
- W2965650746
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 3 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 6.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Keywords
- Spirulina platensis, Spirulina biomass, storage methods, freeze-drying, oven drying, freezing, phycocyanin, phenolic compounds, genistein, flavonoids, vitamin C, carotenoids, chlorophyll, antioxidant activity, total antioxidant capacity, DPPH radical scavenging, photosynthetic pigments, bioactive compounds
- MeSH terms
- Antioxidants, Ascorbic Acid, Carotenoids, Chlorophyll, Desiccation, Flavonoids, Freeze Drying, Phenols, Photosynthesis, Phycocyanin, Pigmentation, Spirulina
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