Optimization of Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Maca Leaves Using the Taguchi Method
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This study was conducted to identify the optimal conditions and evaluate the feasibility of deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for utilizing maca (Lepidium meyenii) leaves, an agricultural by-product, as functional materials. The extraction parameters influencing the recovery of saponins and polyphenols, which are major bioactive compounds, were analyzed using the Taguchi method. Results: Signal-to-noise ratios and analysis of variance indicated that the liquid–solid ratio was the most critical factor for optimizing the extraction process. The optimal extraction conditions were determined to be a liquid–solid ratio of 40 mL/g, a water content in DES of 30%, an extraction time of 30 min, and an ultrasonic power of 300 W in the DES system consisting of choline chloride and glycerin in the molar ratio of 1:2. Maca leaf extract obtained under optimized DES-based UAE conditions exhibited higher bioactive compounds content and antioxidant activity compared with that obtained by hot water extraction. Therefore, the DES-based UAE method is a promising, eco-friendly alternative for extracting bioactive compounds from maca leaves.
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The combined effect of ultrasonic energy and DES properties enables faster and more efficient extraction compared with conventional extraction methods.
“In addition, the combined effect of ultrasonic energy and the unique solvent properties of DESs enables faster and more efficient extraction compared with conventional extraction methods [32,33].”
From Eco-Friendly Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Extraction Technologies: A Comprehensive Review of Principles, Applications, and Comparative Insights (2026) · cites this paper as [32]
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References 36 · Cited by 4
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [32]Pal S.M. Avneet G. Siddhraj S.S. Asdaq S. Gallic Acid: Pharmacogical Promising Lead Molecule: A Review Int. J. Pharmacogn. Pharm. Res. 2018 10 132 138
- Authors
- Lee, E. J., & Yoon, K. Y.
- Affiliations
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
- Yeungnam University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Yoon, Kyung Young
- ORCID
- Yoon, Kyung Young
- Venue
- Molecules
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2025-04-06
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1635
- ISSN
- 1420-3049 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11990563
- OpenAlex
- W4409236879
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1
- FWCI
- 0.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Yeungnam University (224A061023)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Ionic liquids properties and applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural and Biological Research
- Keywords
- deep eutectic solvents, ultrasound-assisted extraction, Lepidium meyenii, saponins, polyphenols, bioactive compounds, choline chloride, glycerol, Taguchi method, extraction optimization, liquid-to-solid ratio, antioxidant activity, agricultural by-products, green extraction
- MeSH terms
- Ultrasonic Waves, Deep Eutectic Solvents, Antioxidants, Chemical Fractionation, Plant Extracts, Saponins, Solvents, Plant Leaves, Lepidium, Polyphenols, Phytochemicals
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