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Cited by 18Bone Tissue Engineering MaterialsSurface Treatment and CoatingsCalcium Carbonate Crystallization and Inhibition

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Synthetic or Natural (Bio-Based) Hydroxyapatite? A Systematic Comparison between Biomimetic Nanostructured Coatings Produced by Ionized Jet Deposition

Open access
Montesissa, Matteo, Sassoni, Enrico, Boi, Marco, Borciani, Giorgia, Boanini, Elisa, Graziani, Gabriela·2024·Nanomaterials
DOI 10.3390/nano14161332PMC PMC11357483
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Abstract

Calcium phosphate (CaP)-based materials are largely explored in orthopedics, to increase osseointegration of the prostheses and specifically in spine surgery, to permit better fusion. To address these aims, nanostructured biogenic apatite coatings are emerging, since they better mimic the characteristics of the host tissue, thus potentially being better candidates compared to their synthetic counterpart. Here, we compare hydroxyapatite (HA) nanostructured coatings, obtained by ionized jet deposition, starting from synthetic and natural sources. The starting materials and the corresponding films are characterized and compared from a compositional and morphological point of view, then their stability is studied after post-treatment annealing. Although all the films are formed by globular aggregates and show morphological features at different scales (from nano to micro), significant differences are found in composition between the synthetic and naturally derived HA in terms of magnesium and sodium content, carbonate substitution and Ca/P ratio, while differences between the coatings obtained by the different natural HA sources are minor. In addition, the shape of the aggregates is also target-dependent. All coatings have a good stability after over 14 days of immersion in medium, with natural apatite coatings showing a better behavior, as no cracking and detachments are observed during immersion. Based on these results, both synthetic and naturally derived apatitic materials appear promising for applications in spine surgery, with coatings from natural sources possessing physiochemical properties more similar to the mineral phase of the human bone tissue.

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Crossref · 10.3390/nano14161332

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Figures

Figure 1 FT-IR spectra of the targets for differently sourced HA.
Figure 1 FT-IR spectra of the targets for differently sourced HA.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 FEG-SEM images of the different HA sources’ coatings.
Figure 2 FEG-SEM images of the different HA sources’ coatings.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Globular aggregate distribution for the four different coatings ((a) synthetic HA, (b) bovine HA, (c) equine HA and (d) porcine HA). The aggregate diameters are divided in five different dimensions: d < 100 nm, 100 nm ≤ d < 250 nm, 250 nm ≤ d < 500 nm, 500 nm ≤ d < 1000 nm and d ≥ 1000 nm.
Figure 3 Globular aggregate distribution for the four different coatings ((a) synthetic HA, (b) bovine HA, (c) equine HA and (d) porcine HA). The aggregate diameters are divided in five different dimensions: d < 100 nm, 100 nm ≤ d < 250 nm, 250 nm ≤ d < 500 nm, 500 nm ≤ d < 1000 nm and d ≥ 1000 nm.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 FT-IR spectra of different source coatings. Coatings are shown, starting from synthetic HA (a), bovine HA (b), equine HA (c) and porcine HA (d).
Figure 4 FT-IR spectra of different source coatings. Coatings are shown, starting from synthetic HA (a), bovine HA (b), equine HA (c) and porcine HA (d).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 FEG-SEM images of coatings realized at room temperature with and without post-deposition annealing treatment at 400 °C (5000× magnification).
Figure 5 FEG-SEM images of coatings realized at room temperature with and without post-deposition annealing treatment at 400 °C (5000× magnification).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 The morphology of the synthetic (S_HA_c) and biogenic coatings after 1, 7 and 14 days of immersion in α-MEM. In the figure, images of bovine bone are shown.
Figure 6 The morphology of the synthetic (S_HA_c) and biogenic coatings after 1, 7 and 14 days of immersion in α-MEM. In the figure, images of bovine bone are shown.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Montesissa, M., Sassoni, E., Boi, M., Borciani, G., Boanini, E., & Graziani, G.
Affiliations
  • Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (IT)
  • University of Bologna (IT)
Corresponding author
  • Montesissa, Matteo
  • Graziani, Gabriela
ORCID
Venue
Nanomaterials
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2024-08-09
Volume
14
Issue
16
Pages
1332
ISSN
2079-4991 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/nano14161332
PMC
PMC11357483
OpenAlex
W4401511355
Cited by
17
References
47
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 8
FWCI
1.76
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nanomaterials (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha) (submittedVersion)
Funders
5 × 1000 Anno 2020, Redditi 2019
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Surface Treatment and Coatings
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Calcium Carbonate Crystallization and Inhibition
Keywords
hydroxyapatite coating, biomimetic coatings, natural hydroxyapatite, synthetic hydroxyapatite, calcium phosphate, spinal fusion, osseointegration, carbonate substitution, Ca/P ratio, coating stability, nanostructured coatings

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