Red and Processed Meat and Mortality in a Low Meat Intake Population
Open accessAbstract
Associations of low-to-moderate consumption of red and processed meat with mortality would add to the evidence of possible adverse effects of these common foods. This study aims to investigate the association of red and processed meat intake with mortality. The Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) is a prospective cohort study of ~96,000 Seventh-day Adventist men and women recruited in the US and Canada between 2002 and 2007. The final analytic sample after exclusions was 72,149. Cox proportional hazards regression was used and hazard ratios (HR) and confidence intervals (CI) were obtained. Diet was assessed by a validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), calibrated using six 24-h dietary recalls. Mortality outcome data were obtained from the National Death Index. During a mean follow-up of 11.8 years, there were 7961 total deaths, of which 2598 were Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) deaths and 1873 were cancer deaths. Unprocessed red meat was associated with risk of all-cause mortality (HR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.07⁻1.31) and CVD mortality (HR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.05⁻1.50). Processed meat alone was not significantly associated with risk of mortality. The combined intake of red and processed meat was associated with all-cause mortality (HR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.11⁻1.36) and CVD mortality (HR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.12⁻1.60). These findings suggest moderately higher risks of all-cause and CVD mortality associated with red and processed meat in a low meat intake population.
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Substantial evidence from randomized trials and observational studies suggests that high consumption of red meat, especially processed red meat, is associated with an increased risk of mortality and major chronic diseases, including coronary heart disease.
“Substantial evidence from randomized trials and observational studies suggests that high consumption of red meat, especially processed red meat, is associated with an increased risk of mortality1 2 3 and major chronic diseases,4 5 6 7 8 9 including coronary heart disease (CHD).10 11 12”
From Red meat intake and risk of coronary heart disease among US men: prospective cohort study (2020) · cites this paper as [2]
The Introduction reports associations of red and processed meat with mortality, coronary heart disease, diabetes, and some cancers; the Discussion also describes higher-intake observational studies finding mortality associations. But this paper does not establish the claimed evidence from randomized trials, and its Results found no significant mortality association for processed meat alone, so it does not support the emphasis on processed meat as the stronger risk. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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References 53 · Cited by 54
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [22]Field A. Miles J. Field Z. Discovering Statistics Using R Sage Publications Thousand Oaks, CA, USA 2012
- Authors
- Alshahrani, S. M., Fraser, G. E., Sabaté, J., Knutsen, R., Shavlik, D., Mashchak, A., Lloren, J. I., & Orlich, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Loma Linda University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Alshahrani, Saeed Mastour
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-03-14
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 622
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6470727
- OpenAlex
- W2921016808
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8
- FWCI
- 7.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (1U01CA152939)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Meat and Animal Product Quality
- Keywords
- red meat, processed meat, mortality, cardiovascular mortality, cancer mortality, all-cause mortality, Adventist Health Study-2, Seventh-day Adventists, dietary intake, food frequency questionnaire
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Canada, Diet, Diet Surveys, Female, Humans, Male, Meat, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States, Diet Records
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