CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 121Nutritional Studies and DietPhysical Activity and HealthDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins

Leisure-Time Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Diet Quality are Associated with Metabolic Syndrome Severity: The PREDIMED-Plus Study

Open access
Gallardo-Alfaro, Laura, Bibiloni, Maria del Mar, Mascaró, Catalina M., Montemayor, Sofía, Ruiz-Canela, Miguel, Salas-Salvadó, Jordi, Corella, Dolores, Fitó, Montserrat +44 more·2020·Nutrients
DOI 10.3390/nu12041013PMC PMC7230557
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Healthy lifestyle factors, such as physical activity (PA) and Mediterranean diet (MD), decrease the likelihood of developing metabolic syndrome (MetS). The aim of this study was to report main lifestyle components and related factors according to the MetS severity. Cross-sectional analysis was done of baseline lifestyle factors from 5739 participants with overweight/obesity and MetS features (aged 55–75 years) included in the PREDIMED-PLUS primary cardiovascular prevention randomized trial. Participants were categorized in tertiles according to a validated MetS severity score (MetSSS). Anthropometrics, visceral adiposity index, dietary nutrient intake, biochemical marker levels, as well as a Dietary Inflammatory Index and depression symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory-II) were measured. Diet quality was assessed using a 17-item energy-restricted MD questionnaire. Duration and intensity of PA was self-reported using the Minnesota-REGICOR Short Physical Activity Questionnaire. Sedentary behaviours were measured using the Spanish version of the Nurses’ Health Study questionnaire. The 30 s chair stand test was also assessed. Participants with highest MetSSS showed higher values of cardiovascular risk factors (except for total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol), depression risk, sedentary and TV viewing time, and lower moderate and vigorous leisure-time physical activity (LTPA). Highest MetSSS participants tended to a pro-inflammatory dietary pattern and tended to lower MD adherence. In addition, they showed lower carbohydrate and nut intake and higher intake of protein, saturated and trans fatty acids, cholesterol, iodine, sodium, red and processed meat products, other oils different from olive oil and spirit alcoholic drinks. The highest MetS severity score was associated with lower moderate and vigorous LTPA and higher sedentary time and depression risk, as they tended to a pro-inflammatory dietary pattern and lower MD adherence.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/nu12041013

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

No citation lists for this paper

No citation lists for this paper yet — checked again daily.

References 56 · Cited by 121

Research works printed but not linked: 47

  1. [1]Engin A. The definition and prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology Springer New York, NY, USA 2017 Volume 960 1 17 28585193
  2. [3]Fernández-Bergés D. Cabrera de León A. Sanz H. Elosua R. Guembe M.J. Alzamora M. Vega-Alonso T. Félix-Redondo F.J. Ortiz-Marrón H. Rigo F. Metabolic syndrome in Spain: Prevalence and coronary risk associated with harmonized definition and WHO proposal. DARIOS study Rev. Esp. Cardiol. 2012 65 241 248 10.1016/j.recesp.2011.10.015 22305818 · DOI
  3. [5]Galmes-Panades A.M. Varela-Mato V. Konieczna J. Wärnberg J. Martínez-González M.Á. Salas-Salvadó J. Isotemporal substitution of inactive time with physical activity and time in bed: Cross-sectional associations with cardiometabolic health in the PREDIMED-Plus study Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2019 16 137 10.1186/s12966-019-0892-4 31870449 PMC6929461 · DOI
  4. [7]Mankowski R.T. Aubertin-Leheudre M. Beavers D.P. Botoseneanu A. Buford T.W. Church T. Glynn N.W. King A.C. Liu C. Manini T.M. Sedentary time is associated with the metabolic syndrome in older adults with mobility limitations—The LIFE Study Exp. Gerontol. 2015 70 32 36 10.1016/j.exger.2015.06.018 26130060 PMC4600654 · DOI
  5. [8]Pan A. Keum N. Okereke O.I. Sun Q. Kivimaki M. Rubin R.R. Hu F.B. Bidirectional Association Between Depression and Metabolic Syndrome Diabetes Care 2012 35 1171 1180 10.2337/dc11-2055 22517938 PMC3329841 · DOI · Paper page
  6. [9]Estruch R. Martínez-González M.A. Corella D. Salas-Salvadó J. Ruiz-Gutiérrez V. Covas M.I. Fiol M. Gómez-Gracia E. López-Sabater M.C. Vinyoles E. Effects of a Mediterranean-Style Diet on Cardiovascular Risk Factors a Randomized Trial Ann. Intern. Med. 2006 145 1 11 10.7326/0003-4819-145-1-200607040-00004 16818923 · DOI · Paper page
  7. [10]Babio N. Toledo E. Estruch R. Ros E. Martínez-González M.A. Castañer O. Bulló M. Corella D. Arós F. Gómez-Gracia E. Mediterranean diets and metabolic syndrome status in the PREDIMED randomized trial CMAJ 2014 186 649 657 10.1503/cmaj.140764 PMC4234734 25316904 · DOI
  8. [11]DeBoer M.D. Gurka M.J. Woo J.G. Morrison J.A. Severity of the metabolic syndrome as a predictor of type 2 diabetes between childhood and adulthood: The Princeton Lipid Research Cohort Study Diabetologia 2015 58 2745 2752 10.1007/s00125-015-3759-5 26380985 PMC4734129 · DOI
  9. [12]Wiley J.F. Carrington M.J. A metabolic syndrome severity score: A tool to quantify cardio-metabolic risk factors Prev. Med. (Baltim.) 2016 88 189 195 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.04.006 27095322 · DOI
  10. [13]Martínez-González M.A. Buil-Cosiales P. Corella D. Bulló M. Fitó M. Vioque J. Romaguera D. Martínez J.A. Wärnberg J. López-Miranda J. Cohort Profile: Design and methods of the PREDIMED-Plus randomized trial Int. J. Epidemiol. 2019 48 387 388 10.1093/ije/dyy225 30476123 · DOI
  11. [14]Alberti K.G.M.M. Eckel R.H. Grundy S.M. Zimmet P.Z. Cleeman J.I. Donato K.A. Fruchart J.C. James W.P.T. Loria C.M. Smith S.S. Jr. International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; Hational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; International Association for the Study of ObesityHarmonizing the metabolic syndrome: A joint interim statement of the international diabetes federation task force on epidemiology and prevention; National heart, lung, and blood institute; American heart association; World heart federation; International atherosclerosis society; And international association for the study of obesity Circulation 2009 120 640 645 19805654
  12. [16]Amato M.C. Giordano C. Visceral adiposity index: An indicator of adipose tissue dysfunction Int. J. Endocrinol. 2014 2014 730827 10.1155/2014/730827 24829577 PMC4009335 · DOI
  13. [17]Topolski T.D. LoGerfo J. Patrick D.L. Williams B. Walwick J. Patrick M.B. The Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA) among older adults Prev. Chronic. Dis. 2006 3 A118 16978493 PMC1779282
  14. [18]Molina L. Sarmiento M. Peñafiel J. Donaire D. Garcia-Aymerich J. Gomez M. Ble M. Ruiz S. Frances A. Schröder H. Validation of the regicor short physical activity questionnaire for the adult population PLoS ONE 2017 12 e0168148 10.1371/journal.pone.0168148 28085886 PMC5234797 · DOI
  15. [20]Martínez-González M.A. López-Fontana C. Varo J.J. Sánchez-Villegas A. Martinez J.A. Validation of the Spanish version of the physical activity questionnaire used in the Nurses’ Health Study and the Health Professionals’ Follow-up Study Public Health Nutr. 2005 8 920 927 10.1079/PHN2005745 16277809 · DOI
  16. [23]Galilea-Zabalza I. Buil-Cosiales P. Salas-Salvadó J. Toledo E. Ortega-Azorín C. Díez-Espino J. Vázquez-Ruiz Z. Zomeño M.D. Vioque J. Martínez J.A. Mediterranean diet and quality of life: Baseline cross-sectional analysis of the PREDIMED-PLUS trial PLoS ONE 2018 13 e0198974 10.1371/journal.pone.0198974 29912978 PMC6005498 · DOI
  17. [24]Shivappa N. Steck S.E. Hurley T.G. Hussey J.R. Hébert J.R. Designing and developing a literature-derived, population-based dietary inflammatory index Public Health Nutr. 2014 17 1689 1696 10.1017/S1368980013002115 23941862 PMC3925198 · DOI · Paper page
  18. [25]Guasch-Ferré M. Liu X. Malik V.S. Sun Q. Willett W.C. Manson J.A.E. Rexrode K.M. Li Y. Hu F.B. Bhupathiraju S.N. Nut Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2017 70 2519 2532 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.09.035 29145952 PMC5762129 · DOI
  19. [26]Whitman I.R. Agarwal V. Nah G. Dukes J.W. Vittinghoff E. Dewland T.A. Marcus G.M. Alcohol Abuse and Cardiac Disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2017 69 13 24 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.10.048 28057245 PMC5226115 · DOI
  20. [27]Kim Y. Je Y. Meat consumption and risk of metabolic syndrome: Results from the Korean population and a meta-analysis of observational studies Nutrients 2018 10 390 10.3390/nu10040390 PMC5946175 29565803 · DOI
  21. [28]Takagi H. Hari Y. Nakashima K. Kuno T. Ando T. Alice (All-Literature Investigation of Cardiovascular Evidence) Group Marriage and mortality after acute coronary syndrome Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol. 2019 10.1177/2047487319881832 31690097 · DOI
  22. [29]Pucci G. Alcidi R. Tap L. Battista F. Mattace-Raso F. Schillaci G. Sex- and gender-related prevalence, cardiovascular risk and therapeutic approach in metabolic syndrome: A review of the literature Pharmacol. Res. 2017 120 34 42 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.03.008 28300617 · DOI
  23. [30]Santilli F. D’Ardes D. Guagnano M.T. Davi G. Metabolic Syndrome: Sex-Related Cardiovascular Risk and Therapeutic Approach Curr. Med. Chem. 2017 24 2602 2627 10.2174/0929867324666170710121145 28699503 · DOI
  24. [31]Xue B. Head J. McMunn A. Heyn P.C. The Impact of Retirement on Cardiovascular Disease and Its Risk Factors: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies Gerontologist 2019 10.1093/geront/gnz062 PMC7362617 31091304 · DOI
  25. [32]Chen C.C. Li T.C. Chang P.C. Liu C.S. Lin W.Y. Wu M.T. Li C.I. Lin C.C. Association among cigarette smoking, metabolic syndrome, and its individual components: The metabolic syndrome study in Taiwan Metabolism 2008 57 544 548 10.1016/j.metabol.2007.11.018 18328358 · DOI
  26. [33]Syamlal G. Mazurek J.M. Dube S.R. Gender differences in smoking among U.S. working adults Am. J. Prev. Med. 2014 47 467 475 10.1016/j.amepre.2014.06.013 25049215 PMC4542001 · DOI
  27. [34]Kim I. Song Y.M. Ko H. Sung J. Lee K. Shin J. Shin S. Educational Disparities in Risk for Metabolic Syndrome Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord. 2018 16 416 424 10.1089/met.2017.0170 29975597 · DOI
  28. [35]Liu X. Luo X. Liu Y. Sun X. Han C. Zhang L. Wang B. Ren Y. Zhao Y. Zhang D. Resting heart rate and risk of metabolic syndrome in adults: A dose–response meta-analysis of observational studies Acta Diabetol. 2017 54 223 235 10.1007/s00592-016-0942-1 27885415 · DOI
  29. [36]Womack V.Y. De Chavez P.J. Albrecht S.S. Durant N. Loucks E.B. Puterman E. Redmond N. Siddique J. Williams D.R. Carnethon M.R. A Longitudinal Relationship between Depressive Symptoms and Development of Metabolic Syndrome: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study Psychosom. Med. 2016 78 867 873 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000347 27490849 PMC5003718 · DOI
  30. [37]Kazaz I. Angin E. Kabaran S. Iyigün G. Kirmizigil B. Malkoç M. Evaluation of the physical activity level, nutrition quality, and depression in patients with metabolic syndrome Medicine (Baltim.) 2018 97 e0485 10.1097/MD.0000000000010485 PMC6392583 29718839 · DOI
  31. [39]Bankoski A. Harris T.B. McClain J.J. Brychta R.J. Caserotti P. Chen K.Y. Berrigan D. Troiano R.P. Koster A. Sedentary activity associated with metabolic syndrome independent of physical activity Diabetes Care 2011 34 497 503 10.2337/dc10-0987 21270206 PMC3024375 · DOI · Paper page
  32. [40]Strasser B. Physical activity in obesity and metabolic syndrome Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2013 1281 141 159 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06785.x 23167451 PMC3715111 · DOI
  33. [41]Serrano-Sánchez J.A. Fernández-Rodríguez M.J. Sanchis-Moysi J. del Rodríguez-Pérez M.C. Marcelino-Rodríguez I. de León A.C. Domain and intensity of physical activity are associated with metabolic syndrome: A population-based study PLoS ONE 2019 14 e0219798 10.1371/journal.pone.0219798 31314798 PMC6636743 · DOI
  34. [42]Ekelund U. Steene-Johannessen J. Brown W.J. Fagerland M.W. Owen N. Powell K.E. Bauman A. Lee I.M. Lancet Physical Activity Series 2 Executive Committe Lancet Sedentary Behaviour Working Group Does physical activity attenuate, or even eliminate, the detrimental association of sitting time with mortality? A harmonised meta-analysis of data from more than 1 million men and women Lancet 2016 388 1302 1310 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30370-1 27475271 · DOI · Paper page
  35. [43]Pedrero-Chamizo R. Gómez-Cabello A. Delgado S. Rodríguez-Llarena S. Rodríguez-Marroyo J.A. Cabanillas E. Meléndez A. Vicente-Rodríguez G. Aznar S. Villa G. Physical fitness levels among independent non-institutionalized Spanish elderly: The elderly EXERNET multi-center study Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 2012 55 406 416 10.1016/j.archger.2012.02.004 22424779 · DOI
  36. [45]Namazi N. Larijani B. Azadbakht L. Dietary Inflammatory Index and its Association with the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome, and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Horm. Metab. Res. 2018 50 345 358 10.1055/a-0596-8204 29723899 · DOI
  37. [46]Grandl G. Wolfrum C. Hemostasis, endothelial stress, inflammation, and the metabolic syndrome Semin. Immunopathol. 2018 40 215 224 10.1007/s00281-017-0666-5 29209827 PMC5809518 · DOI
  38. [47]Abete I. Romaguera D. Vieira A.R. De Lopez Munain A. Norat T. Association between total, processed, red and white meat consumption and all-cause, CVD and IHD mortality: A meta-analysis of cohort studies Br. J. Nutr. 2014 112 762 775 10.1017/S000711451400124X 24932617 · DOI · Paper page
  39. [48]Mirmiran P. Ziadlou M. Karimi S. Hosseini-Esfahani F. Azizi F. The association of dietary patterns and adherence to WHO healthy diet with metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: Tehran lipid and glucose study BMC Public Health 2019 19 1457 10.1186/s12889-019-7779-9 31694610 PMC6833201 · DOI · Paper page
  40. [49]Hooper L. Martin N. Abdelhamid A. Davey Smith G. Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2015 CD011737 10.1002/14651858.CD011737 26068959 · DOI · Paper page
  41. [50]Oteng A.-B. Kersten S. Mechanisms of Action of trans Fatty Acids Adv. Nutr. 2019 10.1093/advances/nmz125 PMC7231579 31782488 · DOI
  42. [51]Lorente-Cebrián S. Costa A.G.V. Navas-Carretero S. Zabala M. Martínez J.A. Moreno-Aliaga M.J. Role of omega-3 fatty acids in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases: A review of the evidence J. Physiol. Biochem. 2013 69 633 651 10.1007/s13105-013-0265-4 23794360 · DOI
  43. [53]Hosseinpour-Niazi S. Hosseini S. Mirmiran P. Azizi F. Prospective study of nut consumption and incidence of metabolic syndrome: Tehran Lipid and glucose study Nutrients 2017 9 1056 10.3390/nu9101056 PMC5691673 28946607 · DOI
  44. [54]Soriguer F. García-Fuentes E. Gutierrez-Repiso C. Rojo-Martínez G. Velasco I. Goday A. Bosch-Comas A. Bordiú E. Calle A. Carmena R. Iodine intake in the adult population. Di@bet.es study Clin. Nutr. 2012 31 882 888 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.04.004 22560740 · DOI
  45. [55]Sparks E. Farrand C. Santos J.A. McKenzie B. Trieu K. Reimers J. Davidson C. Johnson C. Webster J. Sodium Levels of Processed Meat in Australia: Supermarket Survey Data from 2010 to 2017 Nutrients 2018 10 1686 10.3390/nu10111686 30400649 PMC6267163 · DOI
  46. [56]Merino J. Guasch-Ferré M. Martínez-González M.A. Corella D. Estruch R. Fitó M. Ros E. Arós F. Bulló M. Gómez-Gracia E. Is complying with the recommendations of sodium intake beneficial for health in individuals at high cardiovascular risk? Findings from the PREDIMED study Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2015 101 440 448 10.3945/ajcn.114.096750 25733627 · DOI
  47. [57]Valerio G. Mozzillo E. Zito E. De Nitto E. Maltoni G. Marigliano M. Zucchini S. Maffeis C. Franzese A. Alcohol consumption or cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease risk in youth with type 1 diabetes Acta Diabetol. 2019 56 1315 1321 10.1007/s00592-019-01415-5 31493030 · DOI

Authors
Gallardo-Alfaro, L., Bibiloni, M. D. M., Mascaró, C. M., Montemayor, S., Ruiz-Canela, M., Salas-Salvadó, J., Corella, D., Fitó, M., Romaguera, D., Vioque, J., Alonso-Gómez, Á. M., Wärnberg, J., Martínez, J. A., Serra-Majem, L., Estruch, R., Fernández-García, J. C., Lapetra, J., Pintó, X., García Ríos, A., Bueno-Cavanillas, A., Gaforio, J. J., Matía-Martín, P., Daimiel, L., Micó-Pérez, R. M., Vidal, J., Vázquez, C., Ros, E., Fernandez-Lázaro, C. I., Becerra-Tomás, N., Gimenez-Alba, I. M., Zomeño, M. D., Konieczna, J., Compañ-Gabucio, L., Tojal-Sierra, L., Pérez-López, J., Zulet, M. Á., Casañas-Quintana, T., Castro-Barquero, S., Gómez-Pérez, A. M., Santos-Lozano, J. M., Galera, A., Basterra-Gortari, F. J., Basora, J., Saiz, C., Pérez-Vega, K. A., Galmés-Panadés, A. M., Tercero-Maciá, C., Sorto-Sánchez, C., Sayón-Orea, C., García-Gavilán, J., Muñoz-Martínez, J., & Tur, J. A.
Affiliations
  • Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ES)
  • CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
  • Universitat de València (ES)
  • Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Miguel Hernández University, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 46020 Alicante, Spain
  • Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (ES)
  • CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
  • Universidad de Jaén (ES)
  • Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
  • Department of Endocrinology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
  • Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ES)
  • Centro de Salud Raval, 03203 Elche, Spain
  • University of the Basque Country (ES)
Corresponding author
Tur, Josep A.
ORCID
Venue
Nutrients
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2020-04-07
Volume
12
Issue
4
Pages
1013
ISSN
2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/nu12041013
PMC
PMC7230557
OpenAlex
W3015328379
Cited by
121
References
56
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2
FWCI
8.05
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Deposito Adademico Digital Universidad De Navarra (University of Navarra) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Acceda (Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria) (submittedVersion)
  • Rovira & Virgili repository (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • RISalud Institutional Health Repository of Andalucía (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Institutional Repository of the University of Granada (University of Granada) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Docusalut (Conselleria de Salut i Consum del Govern de les Illes Balears) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Hispana (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Deposito de Investigacion Universidad de Sevilla (University of Seville) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBEROBN CB06/03 and CB12/03; Fondo de Investigación para la Salud (FIS),)
  • European Research Council (Advanced Research Grant 2013–2018, 340918)
  • Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (PI0458/2013, PS0358/2016, and PI0137/2018)
  • Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO/2017/017)
  • SEMERGEN Grant (n/a)
  • European Cooperation in Science and Technology (CA16112)
  • Balearic Islands Health Research Institute IDISBA (FOLIUM, PRIMUS, SYNERGIA, and LIBERI)
  • European Regional Development Fund (n/a)
  • Fundació La Marató TV3 (PI044003 and 201630.10)
  • Spanish Ministry of Education (Laura Gallardo-Alfaro and Catalina M. Mascaró received an FPU PhD Grant)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Keywords
metabolic syndrome severity, leisure-time physical activity, sedentary behavior, diet quality, Mediterranean diet adherence, Dietary Inflammatory Index, depression, overweight and obesity, cardiovascular risk factors, pro-inflammatory diet, PREDIMED-Plus, older adults
MeSH terms
Aged, Energy Intake, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Food Preferences, Humans, Leisure Activities, Male, Middle Aged, Severity of Illness Index, Exercise, Metabolic Syndrome, Sedentary Behavior

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review