Patterns of food parenting practices and children’s intake of energy-dense snack foods
Open accessAbstract
Most previous studies of parental influences on children's diets included just a single or a few types of food parenting practices, while parents actually employ multiple types of practices. Our objective was to investigate the clustering of parents regarding food parenting practices and to characterize the clusters in terms of background characteristics and children's intake of energy-dense snack foods. A sample of Dutch parents of children aged 4-12 was recruited by a research agency to fill out an online questionnaire. A hierarchical cluster analysis (n = 888) was performed, followed by k-means clustering. ANOVAs, ANCOVAs and chi-square tests were used to investigate associations between cluster membership, parental and child background characteristics, as well as children's intake of energy-dense snack foods. Four distinct patterns were discovered: "high covert control and rewarding", "low covert control and non-rewarding", "high involvement and supportive" and "low involvement and indulgent". The "high involvement and supportive" cluster was found to be most favorable in terms of children's intake. Several background factors characterized cluster membership. This study expands the current knowledge about parental influences on children's diets. Interventions should focus on increasing parental involvement in food parenting.
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The practices questionnaire is based on previous work by Gevers et al. and O'Connor et al., and the existing questionnaires were used in several previous Dutch studies.
“A questionnaire, based on previous work by Gevers et al. [39] and O’Connor et al. [40], is used to examine HP practices of teachers at school and parents at home, e.g., rules, modelling behaviour, encouragement, and availability. The existing questionnaires were used in several previous Dutch studies [41,42].”
From The Healthy Primary School of the Future: A Contextual Action-Oriented Research Approach (2018) · cites this paper as [41]
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References 37 · Cited by 36
- Authors
- Gevers, D., Kremers, S., De Vries, N., & Van Assema, P.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University Medical Centre (NL)
- Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht 6200, The Netherlands
- Corresponding author
- Gevers, Dorus
- ORCID
- Kremers, Stef
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2015-05-27
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 4093-4106
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4488774
- OpenAlex
- W2162204590
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 4.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- parental feeding practices, parental involvement, parental control, parental rewards, permissive parenting, parental support, children aged 4 to 12
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Energy Intake, Child, Child Behavior, Child Rearing, Child, Preschool, Diet, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Parent-Child Relations, Surveys and Questionnaires, Socioeconomic Factors, Body Mass Index, Cluster Analysis, Logistic Models, Parenting, Snacks
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