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Chitosan: Gels and Interfacial Properties

Nilsen-Nygaard, Julie, Strand, Sabina, Vårum, Kjell, Draget, Kurt, Nordgård, Catherine·2015·Polymers
DOI 10.3390/polym7030552
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Abstract

Chitosan is a unique biopolymer in the respect that it is abundant, cationic, low-toxic, non-immunogenic and biodegradable. The relative occurrence of the two monomeric building units (N-acetyl-glucosamine and d-glucosamine) is crucial to whether chitosan is predominantly an ampholyte or predominantly a polyelectrolyte at acidic pH-values. The chemical composition is not only crucial to its surface activity properties, but also to whether and why chitosan can undergo a sol–gel transition. This review gives an overview of chitosan hydrogels and their biomedical applications, e.g., in tissue engineering and drug delivery, as well as the chitosan’s surface activity and its role in emulsion formation, stabilization and destabilization. Previously unpublished original data where chitosan acts as an emulsifier and flocculant are presented and discussed, showing that highly-acetylated chitosans can act both as an emulsifier and as a flocculant.

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Figure 1 Structure of chitin and chitosan.
Figure 1 Structure of chitin and chitosan.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 2 Changes in laser transmittance ( L T, solid line) and pH (dotted line) during a 1 °C/min temperature ramp of a chitosan-glycerol phosphate solution. pH exhibited a decrease at the same temperature as where the chitosan precipitated ( T p). Reprinted with permission from American Chemical Society 2008 [19].
Figure 2 Changes in laser transmittance ( L T, solid line) and pH (dotted line) during a 1 °C/min temperature ramp of a chitosan-glycerol phosphate solution. pH exhibited a decrease at the same temperature as where the chitosan precipitated ( T p). Reprinted with permission from American Chemical Society 2008 [19].CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 3 Manufacturing process to obtain chitosan aqueous hydrogels and hydro-alcoholic hydrogel and photographs of the resulting gel products (scale bar = 5 mm). Reprinted with permission from American Chemical Society 2014 [22].
Figure 3 Manufacturing process to obtain chitosan aqueous hydrogels and hydro-alcoholic hydrogel and photographs of the resulting gel products (scale bar = 5 mm). Reprinted with permission from American Chemical Society 2014 [22].CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 4 Emulsion droplets held in the optical traps of the JPK Nanotracker. The emulsion droplet in trap 1 (red) is moved toward the emulsion droplet in trap 2 (blue) at a specified speed and distance, the images display how droplet 1 gradually approaches droplet 2 (left to right). Reproduced with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 [67].
Figure 4 Emulsion droplets held in the optical traps of the JPK Nanotracker. The emulsion droplet in trap 1 (red) is moved toward the emulsion droplet in trap 2 (blue) at a specified speed and distance, the images display how droplet 1 gradually approaches droplet 2 (left to right). Reproduced with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 [67].CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 5 Force vs. time curve for the approach and retract portion of an optical tweezers measurement with emulsion droplets stabilized by chitosan as the sole emulsifier in 10 mM acetate buffer at pH 5. The approach and retract segments of the measurement are separated by a holding time of 5 s at maximum contact between the emulsion droplets. Approach/retract speed: 0.5 μ m/s.
Figure 5 Force vs. time curve for the approach and retract portion of an optical tweezers measurement with emulsion droplets stabilized by chitosan as the sole emulsifier in 10 mM acetate buffer at pH 5. The approach and retract segments of the measurement are separated by a holding time of 5 s at maximum contact between the emulsion droplets. Approach/retract speed: 0.5 μ m/s.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 6 Flocculation of SDS stabilized O/W emulsion (3% w / w ) by chitosans of different F A. Conditions: HAc/NaAC buffer pH 5, ionic strength 100 mM, 0.9 g/L SDS.
Figure 6 Flocculation of SDS stabilized O/W emulsion (3% w / w ) by chitosans of different F A. Conditions: HAc/NaAC buffer pH 5, ionic strength 100 mM, 0.9 g/L SDS.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 7 Flocculation of SDS stabilized O/W emulsion (3% w / w ) by chitosan ( F A 0.49, [ η ] = 900 mL/g) at pH 5 and different ionic strengths. Conditions: HAc/NaAC buffer pH 5, 0.9 g/L SDS.
Figure 7 Flocculation of SDS stabilized O/W emulsion (3% w / w ) by chitosan ( F A 0.49, [ η ] = 900 mL/g) at pH 5 and different ionic strengths. Conditions: HAc/NaAC buffer pH 5, 0.9 g/L SDS.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 8 Flocculation of SDS stabilized O/W emulsion (3% w / w ) by chitosan ( F A 0.49, [ η ] = 900 mL/g) at pH 5, 7 and 7.4. Conditions: HAc/NaAC buffer pH 5, HEPES buffer pH 7 and 7.4, ionic strength 100 mM, 0.9 g/L SDS.
Figure 8 Flocculation of SDS stabilized O/W emulsion (3% w / w ) by chitosan ( F A 0.49, [ η ] = 900 mL/g) at pH 5, 7 and 7.4. Conditions: HAc/NaAC buffer pH 5, HEPES buffer pH 7 and 7.4, ionic strength 100 mM, 0.9 g/L SDS.CC-BY · From the PDF

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Metadata

Authors
Nilsen-Nygaard, J., Strand, S., Vårum, K., Draget, K., & Nordgård, C.
Venue
Polymers
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2015-03-13
Volume
7
Issue
3
Pages
552-579
ISSN
2073-4360
DOI
10.3390/polym7030552
Cited by
306
References
0
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)

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