The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Improved Pilot-Plant-Scale Synthesis of Chlorin e6 and Its Efficacy as a Photosensitizer for Photodynamic Therapy and Photoacoustic Contrast Agent
Open accessAbstract
Photodynamic therapy and photoacoustic (PA) imaging are emerging therapeutic modalities for the diagnosis and treatment of various types of cancer or other diseases. In this study, the second-generation photosensitizer Chlorin e6 was prepared on a pilot scale by using the rapid, simple, and green synthetic method as compared to a conventional protocol. In the modified method, the extraction/reaction time and volume of solvents were significantly reduced. The dark and photodynamic cytotoxicity of Ce6 was measured against B16F10 melanoma cell line. Ce6 did not affect cancer cells in the dark up to 192 µM, ensuring their safety in the absence of light. After PDT, it displayed significant cytotoxicity at lower concentrations (IC50: 18.9 µM). For in vivo study, B16F10 allograft mice were treated with Ce6 at 2.5 mg/kg and then exposed to red light (660 nm) after 3 h. The Ce6-PDT caused the inhibition of tumor growth. Furthermore, Ce6 was also used as a photoacoustic imaging agent in ICR mice to visualize the internal organs. Therefore, this study provides valuable information about Ce6-PDT as a promising strategy for anti-cancer therapy as well as visualization of internal organs without surgery or x-rays.
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“Higher concentrations of Ce6 (up to 192 µM) showed minimal dark cytotoxicity on B16F10 cells (IC50 519.6 µM), but when the cancer cells were exposed to light of 660 nm at 50 mW for 1 min and 40 s, a pronounced light-induced cytotoxicity was observed with a 27-fold lower concentration against the tested cells (IC50 18.9 µM).”
From Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. (2023) · cites this paper as [144]
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“Furthermore, the researchers confirmed the potential of Ce6-PDT to inhibit the growth of B16F10 melanoma cells in vivo, using B16F10 allograft mice.”
From Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. (2023) · cites this paper as [144]
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Cites
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Photophysics and photochemistry of photodynamic therapy: fundamental aspects
Plaetzer, K., Krammer, B. E., Berlanda, J., Berr, F., & Kiesslich, T. (2008) · Lasers in Medical Science · doi:10.1007/s10103-008-0539-1 · Cited by 933
A review of clinical photoacoustic imaging: Current and future trends
Attia, A. B. E., Balasundaram, G., Moothanchery, M., Dinish, U. S., Bi, R., Ntziachristos, V., & Olivo, M. (2019) · Photoacoustics · doi:10.1016/j.pacs.2019.100144 · Cited by 895
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Photodynamic Therapy and the Development of Metal-Based Photosensitisers
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Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp.
Abreu, A. P., Martins, R., & Nunes, J. (2023) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering10080955 · Cited by 119
Gurung, P., Lim, J., Shrestha, R., & Kim, Y. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-30256-0 · Cited by 31
Self-citationLee, J., Han, S., Magar, T. B. T., Gurung, P., Lee, J., Seong, D., Park, S., Kim, Y.-W., Jeon, M., & Kim, J. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25063457 · Cited by 9
Self-citationShrestha, R., Gurung, P., Lim, J., Magar, T. B. T., Kim, C.-W., Lee, H. Y., & Kim, Y.-W. (2023) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph16071053 · Cited by 7
Self-citationRivera‐Piza, A., Lee, S., Lee, H. J., Lee, S., Shin, S., Kim, J. H., Park, J., Yu, J. E., Lee, S., Park, G., et al. (2025) · Cancer Science · doi:10.1111/cas.70009 · Cited by 6
Lee, E., Choi, J., Han, J. H., Kim, Y., Lim, J., & Chung, H. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241813913 · Cited by 4
Self-citationKim, H., Lee, S., Shin, S., Park, J.-H., Yu, J. E., Lee, S. W., Yang, S. H., Pires, L., & Wilson, B. C. (2023) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43630-023-00470-w · Cited by 2
Sinha, Y., Tilokani, A., Pradhan, P. K., Patri, G., & Gupta, A. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.71008 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Thapa Magar, T. B., Shrestha, R., Gurung, P., Lim, J., & Kim, Y.-W.
- Affiliations
- Dongsung Cancer Center, Dongsung Biopharmaceutical, Daegu 41061, Korea
- Bio Pharm Dongsung (South Korea) (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Kim, Yong-Wan
- Venue
- Processes
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-10-27
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2215
- ISSN
- 2227-9717 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4307512232
- Cited by
- 8
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5
- FWCI
- 1.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Processes (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Korea Medical Device Development Fund (1711174319, RS-2020-KD000106)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine Chemistry
- Keywords
- chlorin e6, photosensitizers, photodynamic therapy, photoacoustic imaging, pilot-scale synthesis, green synthesis, B16F10 melanoma, cytotoxicity, tumor growth inhibition, red light irradiation, cancer therapy
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