Cited by 1Qur’anic Interpretation StudiesIslamic Studies and HistoryReligious Freedom and Discrimination

Islamic Sexual Perversions and Apostasy Representations: Eastern and Western Classical Law Modern Reformist Mutations

Open access
Zahed, Ludovic-Mohamed·2021·Religions

Abstract

The status of apostasy seems unclear in Islamic jurisprudence of the classical age; it is an act considered traditionally to be a legal vacuum, calling for no corporal punishment (mubah). When a sentence was applied in this case, it would seem that it was due to partisan political reasons, rather than on the basis of real spiritual proper needs. Yet today some conservative ulemas apply this status of excommunication, patterned on the modern Catholic model, to practices considered to be “abnormal,” such as homosexuality. What about the Islamic jurisprudence development, as it is conceived and applied today? What is the position of the so-called majority Islamic authorities in regard to apostasy or the perversion of some Muslim minorities? Moreover, what is the position of these ulemas vis-à-vis the so-called alternative progressive movement, which reject the majority Islamic dogma, in France, Morocco, Egypt and elsewhere in the so-called Arab-Muslim world?

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/rel12110942

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Traditionalists argue that while conversion to Islam is voluntary, leaving it constitutes a breach of a divine covenant and public defiance, warranting severe consequences, irrespective of overt political threat.

    “Traditionalists often argue that while conversion to Islam is voluntary, leaving it constitutes a breach of a divine covenant and public defiance, warranting severe consequences, irrespective of overt political threat (Zahed, 2021).”

    From APOSTASY PUNISHMENT IN ISLAMIC SCHOLARLY DISCOURSE: PERSPECTIVES AND IMPLICATIONS IN THE MALAYSIAN CONTEXT (2025) · cites this paper as Zahed, 2021

    Section 2.4 reports that contemporary conservative authorities affirm freedom of belief yet prescribe earthly punishment for abandoning Islam, which supports the claim’s core contrast. It does not describe their rationale as a breach of a divine covenant or equate every departure with public defiance. The same section distinguishes those contemporary rulings from the paper’s account of early apostasy, which it links to rebellion and wartime betrayal; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Research works printed but not linked: 9

  1. Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali. 2007. Homosexualité. In Dictionnaire du Coran. Paris: Robert Laffont, pp. 400-2.
  2. Andrews, Walter, and Mehmet Kalpakli. 2005. The Age of Beloveds: Love and The Beloved in Early-Modern Ottoman and European Culture and Society. Durham: Duke University Press.
  3. Dening, Sarah. 1996. The Mythology of Sex. Chapter 3. Macmillan General Reference. New York: Sexual Minorities Becoming, throughout Middle Ages, in Europe and Then in Middle East, the Scapegoat Responsible for all 'Abnormal' Human 'Perversions'.
  4. Hosain, Samuel. 2002. The Development of Apostasy and Punishment Law in Islam. Ph.D. thesis, Glasgow University, Glasgow, Scotland. Available online: http://theses.gla.ac.uk/991/1/2002lamartiphd.pdf (accessed on 15 March 2021).
  5. Izutsu, Toshihiko. 2002. Ethico-Religious Concepts in the Quran. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
  6. Massad, Joseph. 2007. Desiring Arabs. Chicago: University of Chicago press.
  7. CrossRef · DOI
  8. Muños, Esteban. 1999. Disidentifications: Queers of Color and The Performance of Politics (Cultural Studies of the Americas)'. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  9. Puar, Jasbir. 2007. Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times. Durham: Duke University Press.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Zahed, L.-M.
Affiliations
CALEM Institute, 13003 Marseille, France
Corresponding author
Zahed, Ludovic-Mohamed
Venue
Religions
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-10-29
Volume
12
Issue
11
Pages
942
ISSN
2077-1444 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3210702840
Cited by
0
References
0
FWCI
0.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Religions (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Education › Qur’anic Interpretation Studies
  • Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Islamic Studies and History
  • Social Sciences › Law › Religious Freedom and Discrimination
Keywords
apostasy, Islamic jurisprudence, paraphilias, homosexuality, classical Islamic jurisprudence, ulema, excommunication, Muslim minorities, comparative law, France, Morocco, Egypt

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review