CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 3

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Floods as a Consequence of Climate Change: Comprehensive Meteorological and Hydrological Analysis of the 2024 Flood Course in the Bóbr River Basin (Southwestern Poland)

Tomczyk, Paweł, Wiatkowski, Mirosław, Kasperek, Robert, Gruss, Łukasz, Pokładek, Ryszard·2025·Sustainability
DOI 10.3390/su172310640
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Flooding is a phenomenon that has become more frequent in recent years due to climate change. This also includes Poland, where a flood occurred in 2024 due to the inflow of the Genoese low. The main objective of the article is to comprehensively characterize this phenomenon in the Bóbr River Basin. To achieve this objective, available hourly hydro-meteorological data from stations monitored by the Polish Institute of Meteorology and Water Management were used. On this basis, the duration, magnitude, scale of the flood, and selected runoff measures were determined. Data shows that the flood was caused by rainfall, which occurred at the highest intensity between 13.09 and 15.09. The duration of the flood was 536 h, assuming warning levels as boundary points. The average duration of the flood in all stations was 125.32 h, and its average magnitude (ratio of the highest level to the alert level)—1.53. The 10-point flood scale adopted in the article indicates that the flood affected the area around Jelenia Góra the most (average 3.10 for the entire basin). In 6 out of 22 stations, the highest water flow measurements in history were recorded in 2024. The area around Jelenia Góra was selected as the region most exposed to flooding. This work can be a compendium of knowledge in the field of understanding the mechanisms related to flooding. It may be important in the context of formulating the future water policy, developing documents related to flood protection, adaptation to climate change and sustainable development goals.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/su172310640

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 Research scheme for the analyses presented in the article.
Figure 1 Research scheme for the analyses presented in the article.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 2 Location of hydrological and meteorological stations and characteristic points in the Bóbr River Basin area (location of stations according to Hydro IMGW-PIB; https://hydro.imgw.pl/ (accessed on 20 October 2025; map base: https://www.mapsforeurope.org/explore-map/euro-dem (accessed on 20 October 2025)).
Figure 2 Location of hydrological and meteorological stations and characteristic points in the Bóbr River Basin area (location of stations according to Hydro IMGW-PIB; https://hydro.imgw.pl/ (accessed on 20 October 2025; map base: https://www.mapsforeurope.org/explore-map/euro-dem (accessed on 20 October 2025)).CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 3 Total accumulated precipitation in Poland for the period 10 September 2024-16 September 2024 with the Bóbr river basin area marked (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [55]. Copyright 2025 Miriam Kachelmann.
Figure 3 Total accumulated precipitation in Poland for the period 10 September 2024-16 September 2024 with the Bóbr river basin area marked (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [55]. Copyright 2025 Miriam Kachelmann.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 4 Cont .
Figure 4 Cont .CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 4 Cumulative rainfall in the Bóbr River Basin area: ( a ) 9 September 2024, ( b ) 10 September 2024, ( c ) 11 September 2024, ( d ) 12 September 2024, ( e ) 13 September 2024, ( f ) 14 September 2024, ( g ) 15 September 2024, ( h ) 16 September 2024.
Figure 4 Cumulative rainfall in the Bóbr River Basin area: ( a ) 9 September 2024, ( b ) 10 September 2024, ( c ) 11 September 2024, ( d ) 12 September 2024, ( e ) 13 September 2024, ( f ) 14 September 2024, ( g ) 15 September 2024, ( h ) 16 September 2024.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 5 The full course of the flood in 2024 in the Bóbr River basin based on warning and alert levels in individual hours (UTC) for hydrological stations (time: 0-12 September 2024, 11:00 UTC, 536-4 October 2024, 19:00 UTC).
Figure 5 The full course of the flood in 2024 in the Bóbr River basin based on warning and alert levels in individual hours (UTC) for hydrological stations (time: 0-12 September 2024, 11:00 UTC, 536-4 October 2024, 19:00 UTC).CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 6 Duration of conventional water levels in the Bóbr River Basin from 12 September to 4 October 2024 characterizing the flood (in hours): ( a ) warning levels, ( b ) alert levels, ( c ) total warning and alert levels (flood duration).
Figure 6 Duration of conventional water levels in the Bóbr River Basin from 12 September to 4 October 2024 characterizing the flood (in hours): ( a ) warning levels, ( b ) alert levels, ( c ) total warning and alert levels (flood duration).CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 7 Flood magnitude in the Bóbr River Basin from 12 September to 4 October 2024.
Figure 7 Flood magnitude in the Bóbr River Basin from 12 September to 4 October 2024.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 8 Flood scale in the Bóbr River Basin from 12 September to 4 October 2024 (taking into account the duration and magnitude of the flood).
Figure 8 Flood scale in the Bóbr River Basin from 12 September to 4 October 2024 (taking into account the duration and magnitude of the flood).CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 9 Hydrographs of water levels and flows during floods at stations with the largest flood scale in the Bóbr River Basin area in 2024: ( a ) Pilchowice (Bóbr River; station 8), ( b ) ˙ Zaga´ n (Bóbr River; station 11), ( c ) Szprotawa (Bóbr River; station 10), ( d ) Jelenia Góra (Bóbr River; station 7), ( e ) Stary Raduszec (Bóbr River; station 14), ( f ) Le´ sna (Kwisa River; station 26), ( g ) Barcinek (Kamienica River; station 21), ( h ) Jelenia Góra (Kamienna River; station 22); sorted by the largest scale of the flood s f .
Figure 9 Hydrographs of water levels and flows during floods at stations with the largest flood scale in the Bóbr River Basin area in 2024: ( a ) Pilchowice (Bóbr River; station 8), ( b ) ˙ Zaga´ n (Bóbr River; station 11), ( c ) Szprotawa (Bóbr River; station 10), ( d ) Jelenia Góra (Bóbr River; station 7), ( e ) Stary Raduszec (Bóbr River; station 14), ( f ) Le´ sna (Kwisa River; station 26), ( g ) Barcinek (Kamienica River; station 21), ( h ) Jelenia Góra (Kamienna River; station 22); sorted by the largest scale of the flood s f .CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 10 Runoff measures in the Bóbr River Basin area during the 2024 flood: ( a ) runoff layer (index), ( b ) specific discharge.
Figure 10 Runoff measures in the Bóbr River Basin area during the 2024 flood: ( a ) runoff layer (index), ( b ) specific discharge.CC-BY · From the PDF

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 1 references

Research works printed but not linked: 75

  1. Saharia, 2017, Characterization of floods in the United States, J. Hydrol., 548, 524, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.03.010 · DOI
  2. Kalinauskas, 2021, Implementation of the European Union Floods Directive—Requirements and national transposition and practical application: Lithuanian case study, Land. Use Policy, 100, 104924, 10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104924 · DOI
  3. Hundecha, Y., Parajka, J., and Viglione, A. (2017). Flood type classification and assessment of their past changes across Europe. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss. · DOI
  4. Doocy, S., Daniels, A., Murray, S., and Kirsch, T.D. (2013). The human impact of floods: A historical review of events 1980–2009 and systematic literature review. PLoS Curr., 5, ecurrents.dis.f4deb457904936b07c09daa98ee8171a. · DOI
  5. Alfieri, 2017, Global projections of river flood risk in a warmer world, Earth’s Future, 5, 171, 10.1002/2016EF000485 · DOI
  6. Dottori, 2018, Increased human and economic losses from river flooding with anthropogenic warming, Nat. Clim. Change, 8, 781, 10.1038/s41558-018-0257-z · DOI
  7. Slater, 2021, Global changes in 20-year, 50-year, and 100-year river floods, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2020GL091824, 10.1029/2020GL091824 · DOI
  8. Charalampous, 2025, The 2024 Spain Floods: A Callfor Resilience and the Duty of Memory, Int. J. Public Health, 70, 1608236, 10.3389/ijph.2025.1608236 · DOI
  9. Castro-Melgar, I., Falaras, T., Basiou, E., and Parcharidis, I. (2025). Assessment of the October 2024 Cut-Off Low Event Floods Impact in Valencia (Spain) with Satellite and Geospatial Data. Remote Sens., 17. · DOI
  10. Rojas, 2013, Climate change and river floods in the European Union: Socio-economic consequences and the costs and benefits of adaptation, Glob. Environ. Change, 23, 1737, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.08.006 · DOI
  11. Paprotny, 2025, Attribution of flood impacts shows strong benefits of adaptation in Europe since 1950, Sci. Adv., 11, 7068, 10.1126/sciadv.adt7068 · DOI
  12. Ghazi, 2023, The frequency, intensity, and origin of floods in Poland in the 11th–15th centuries based on documentary evidence, J. Hydrol., 623, 129778, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129778 · DOI
  13. Ghazi, 2023, An assessment of flood occurrences in Poland in the 16th century, J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud., 50, 101597, 10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101597 · DOI
  14. Ghazi, 2024, A comprehensive study of floods in Poland in the 17th–18th centuries, J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud., 53, 101796, 10.1016/j.ejrh.2024.101796 · DOI
  15. Kundzewicz, 2022, Detection of trends in observed river floods in Poland, J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud., 41, 101098, 10.1016/j.ejrh.2022.101098 · DOI
  16. Kundzewicz, Z., Stoffel, M., Niedźwiedź, T., and Wyżga, B. (2016). Flood Risk Management in the Upper Vistula Basin in Perspective: Traditional versus Alternative Measures. Flood Risk in the Upper Vistula Basin. GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences, Springer. · DOI
  17. Otop, 2014, Precipitation extremes during flooding in the Odra River Basin in May–June 2010, Meteorol. Hydrol. Water Manag., 2, 13, 10.26491/mhwm/22918 · DOI
  18. Romanowicz, 2014, Zagrożenia związane z nadmiarem wody, Disasters Relat. Water Excess. Nauka, 1, 123
  19. Piniewski, 2017, Changes in low and high flows in the Vistula and the Odra basins: Model projections in the European-scale context, Hydrol. Process., 31, 2210, 10.1002/hyp.11176 · DOI
  20. Woś, K., Radoń, R., Tekielak, T., Wrzosek, K., Pieron, Ł., and Piórecki, M. (2022). Role of multifunctional water reservoirs in the Upper Vistula Basin in reducing flood risk. Water, 14. · DOI
  21. Walczykiewicz, 2014, Multi-criteria analysis for selection of activity options limiting flood risk, Water Resour., 42, 124, 10.1134/S0097807815010121 · DOI
  22. Dysarz, 2020, Development of methodology for assessment of long-term morphodynamic impact on flood hazard, J. Flood Risk Manag., 13, e12654, 10.1111/jfr3.12654 · DOI
  23. Zeleňáková, M., Kubiak-Wójcicka, K., and Negm, A.M. (2021). Flood risk management system in Poland. Management of Water Resources in Poland, Springer. Springer Water. · DOI
  24. Kundzewicz, Z.W., Januchta-Szostak, A., Nachlik, E., Pińskwar, I., and Zaleski, J. (2023). Challenges for flood risk reduction in Poland’s changing climate. Water, 15. · DOI
  25. Faganello, 2005, Flood management strategy for the Upper and Middle Odra River Basin: Feasibility study of Raciborz Reservoir, Nat. Hazards, 36, 273, 10.1007/s11069-004-4553-8 · DOI
  26. Pavlinec, 2024, Heavy rains and flood in Poland. Are we facing a catastrophe?, Wodne Sprawy, 16, 13
  27. Zalewski, 2015, Sustainable floodplain management for flood prevention and water quality improvement, Nat. Hazards, 76, 955, 10.1007/s11069-014-1529-1 · DOI
  28. Kuroczycki, 2016, Wezbrania na Bobrze w Żaganiu w świetle obserwacji historycznych, Zesz. Nauk. Inż. Środ., 162, 129
  29. 2018, Typologia reżimu odpływu rzek w Polsce w różnych fazach Oscylacji Północnoatlantyckiej, Bad. Fizjogr. Ser. A Geogr. Fiz., 9, 249
  30. Hudak, 2018, The analysis of the degree of flood risk in the middle Bobr valley, Civil Environ. Eng. Rep., 27, 68, 10.2478/ceer-2018-0019 · DOI
  31. 2017, Flood risk of Lower Silesia Voivodship, Civ. Environ. Eng. Rep., 10, 7
  32. Malczewska, 2010, Variability of water energy resources on example of Bóbr River, Infrastrukt. Ekol. Teren. Wiej., 13, 167
  33. Machajski, 2010, Model investigations of side channel spillway of the Pilchowice storage reservoir on the Bóbr River, Stud. Geotech. Et Mech., 32, 65
  34. Mokwa, 2008, The silting influence on the capacity of the Krzywaniec reservoir, Ann. Wars. Univ. Life Sci. SGGW Land. Reclam., 39, 121
  35. Olearczyk, 2015, Regional relationships of maximum outflow in the Upper Bóbr River Basin, J. Ecol. Eng., 16, 206, 10.12911/22998993/60479 · DOI
  36. Piniarski, 2023, Challenges of a GIS-based physical-geographical regionalization of Poland, Environ. Monit. Assess., 195, 11734, 10.1007/s10661-023-11734-4 · DOI
  37. Kundzewicz, 2005, Summer floods in Central Europe–Climate change track?, Nat. Hazards, 36, 165, 10.1007/s11069-004-4547-6 · DOI
  38. Kundzewicz, 2014, Adapting flood preparedness tools to changing flood risk conditions: The situation in Poland, Oceanologia, 56, 385, 10.5697/oc.56-2.385 · DOI
  39. Kuźmiński, Ł., Nadolny, M., and Wojtaszek, H. (2020). Probabilistic quantification in the analysis of flood risks in cross-border areas of Poland and Germany. Energies, 13. · DOI
  40. Wibig, 2023, Comparison and combination of interpolation methods for daily precipitation in Poland: Evaluation using the correlation coefficient and correspondence ratio, Meteorol. Hydrol. Water Manag., 11, 1
  41. Chen, 2012, Estimation of the spatial rainfall distribution using inverse distance weighting (IDW) in the middle of Taiwan, Paddy Water Environ., 10, 209, 10.1007/s10333-012-0319-1 · DOI
  42. Chin, R.J., Lai, S.H., Loh, W.S., Ling, L., and Soo, E.Z.X. (2023). Assessment of Inverse Distance Weighting and Local Polynomial Interpolation for Annual Rainfall: A Case Study in Peninsular Malaysia. Eng. Proc., 38. · DOI
  43. Jeong, 2020, Improvement of daily precipitation estimations using PRISM with inverse-distance weighting, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 139, 923, 10.1007/s00704-019-03012-6 · DOI
  44. Li, Z. (2021). An enhanced dual IDW method for high-quality geospatial interpolation. Sci. Rep., 11. · DOI
  45. Hauer, 2017, Discharge measurements and streamflow analysis, Methods in Stream Ecology, Volume 1, 49
  46. Acquaotta, 2019, Increased flash flooding in Genoa Metropolitan Area: A combination of climate changes and soil consumption?, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 131, 1099, 10.1007/s00703-018-0623-4 · DOI
  47. Lollino, G., Manconi, A., Guzzetti, F., Culshaw, M., Bobrowsky, P., and Luino, F. (2015). Flash flood events and urban development in Genoa (Italy): Lost in translation. Engineering Geology for Society and Territory, Volume 5, Springer. · DOI
  48. Mioduszewski, 2003, Ideas of flood protection in Poland, J. Water Land. Dev., 7, 3
  49. Piwowar, A., and Dzikuć, M. (2022). Water Energy in Poland in the Context of Sustainable Development. Energies, 15. · DOI
  50. Nithila Devi, N., Sridharan, B., Bindhu, V.M., Narasimhan, B., Bhallamudi, S.M., Bhatt, C.M., Usha, T., Vasan, D.T., and Kuiry, S.N. (2020). Investigation of Role of Retention Storage in Tanks (Small Water Bodies) on Future Urban Flooding: A Case Study of Chennai City, India. Water, 12. · DOI
  51. 2012, Investigation of Mechanical Properties and Flow Resistance of Flexible Riverbank Vegetation, Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 21, 201
  52. Bezak, N., Kovačević, M., Johnen, G., Lebar, K., Zupanc, V., Vidmar, A., and Rusjan, S. (2021). Exploring Options for Flood Risk Management with Special Focus on Retention Reservoirs. Sustainability, 13. · DOI
  53. Ritzema, 2018, Integration of water management and land consolidation in rural areas to adapt to climate change: Experiences from Poland and the Netherlands, Land. Use Policy, 77, 498, 10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.06.005 · DOI
  54. Alfieri, 2016, Increasing flood risk under climate change: A pan-European assessment of the benefits of four adaptation strategies, Clim. Change, 136, 507, 10.1007/s10584-016-1641-1 · DOI
  55. Kazak, 2015, Flood risk factors in suburban area in the context of climate change adaptation policies—Case study of Wrocław, Poland, J. Ecol. Eng., 16, 13, 10.12911/22998993/1854 · DOI
  56. Mrozik, K.D. (2022). Problems of local flooding in functional urban areas in Poland. Water, 14. · DOI
  57. PAP—Polish Press Agency (2024, October 14). Szef KPRM: Do tej pory 57 tys. osób Jest Realnie Dotkniętych Powodzią. PAP, Available online: https://www.pap.pl/aktualnosci/szef-kprm-do-tej-pory-57-tys-osob-jest-realnie-dotknietych-powodzia.
  58. Piepiora, 2016, Counteracting flood effects in Jelenia Góra, Słup. Pr. Geogr., 13, 139
  59. Moreira, 2021, Review article: A systematic review and future prospects of flood vulnerability indices, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1513, 10.5194/nhess-21-1513-2021 · DOI
  60. Fawwaz, 2021, Floods and Their Impact on the Environment, Acad. Perspect. Procedia, 4, 42, 10.33793/acperpro.04.02.24 · DOI
  61. Allaire, 2018, Socio-economic impacts of flooding: A review of the empirical literature, Water Secur., 3, 18, 10.1016/j.wasec.2018.09.002 · DOI
  62. Merz, 2021, Causes, impacts and patterns of disastrous river floods, Nat. Rev. Earth Environ., 2, 592, 10.1038/s43017-021-00195-3 · DOI
  63. Grelot, 2013, Economic evaluation of flood damage to agriculture-review and analysis of existing methods, Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 2493, 10.5194/nhess-13-2493-2013 · DOI
  64. Kim, 2023, Flood impacts on global crop production: Advances and limitations, Environ. Res. Lett., 18, 054007, 10.1088/1748-9326/accd85 · DOI
  65. Filipe, J.F., Herrera, V., Curone, G., Vigo, D., and Riva, F. (2020). Floods, Hurricanes, and Other Catastrophes: A Challenge for the Immune System of Livestock and Other Animals. Front. Vet. Sci., 7. · DOI
  66. Saljnikov, 2019, Impact of a severe flood on large-scale contamination of arable soils by potentially toxic elements (Serbia), Environ. Geochem. Health, 41, 249, 10.1007/s10653-018-0138-4 · DOI
  67. Parasiewicz, 2019, The role of floods and droughts on riverine ecosystems under a changing climate, Fish. Manag. Ecol., 26, 461, 10.1111/fme.12388 · DOI
  68. Cardoso, 2008, The impact of extreme flooding events and anthropogenic stressors on the macrobenthic communities’ dynamics, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 76, 553, 10.1016/j.ecss.2007.07.026 · DOI
  69. Hrdinka, 2012, Possible impacts of floods and droughts on water quality, J. Hydro-Environ. Res., 6, 145, 10.1016/j.jher.2012.01.008 · DOI
  70. Alderman, 2012, Floods and human health: A systematic review, Environ. Int., 47, 37, 10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.003 · DOI
  71. Rogger, 2017, Land use change impacts on floods at the catchment scale: Challenges and opportunities for future research, Water Resour. Res., 53, 5209, 10.1002/2017WR020723 · DOI · Paper page
  72. Odijk, 2001, Assessing the effects of land use changes on floods in the meuse and oder catchment, Phys. Chem. Earth Part B Hydrol. Ocean. Atmos., 26, 593, 10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00054-5 · DOI
  73. Wdowczyk, 2025, Assessment of changes occurring in biochar/zeolite substrates used in the vegetation-activated sludge process in the treatment of leachate from landfills, Water Resour. Ind., 33, 100280, 10.1016/j.wri.2025.100280 · DOI
  74. Wdowczyk, 2024, Application of selected indicators to assess contamination of municipal landfill leachate and its impact on groundwater, Water Resour. Ind., 32, 100265, 10.1016/j.wri.2024.100265 · DOI
  75. Abegaz, 2024, History, causes, and trend of floods in the U.S.: A review, Nat. Hazards, 120, 13715, 10.1007/s11069-024-06791-y · DOI

Cited by

Metadata

Authors
Tomczyk, P., Wiatkowski, M., Kasperek, R., Gruss, Ł., & Pokładek, R.
Affiliations
  • Institute of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland
  • Department of Environmental Protection and Development, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland
ORCID
Venue
Sustainability
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2025-11-27
Volume
17
Issue
23
Pages
10640
ISSN
2071-1050
DOI
10.3390/su172310640
Cited by
3
References
1
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Funders
Bekker Programme of the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange (BPN/BEK/2023/1/00079)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review