The DOI matches its Crossref record; 102 of the 102 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Electronic Cigarette Use during Pregnancy: Is It Harmful?
Abstract
Although combustible cigarette smoking rates have declined in recent years, alternative tobacco product use, particularly electronic cigarette use (“vaping”), has increased among young adults. Recent studies indicate that vaping during pregnancy is on the rise, possibly due to the perception that it is a safer alternative to combustible cigarette smoking. However, e-cigarette aerosols may contain several newer, potentially toxic compounds, including some known developmental toxicants that may adversely impact both the mother and the fetus. However, there is paucity of studies that have examined the effects of vaping during pregnancy. While the adverse perinatal outcomes of cigarette smoking during pregnancy are well established, the specific risks associated with inhaling vaping aerosols during pregnancy requires more research. In this article, we discuss the existing evidence and knowledge gaps on the risks of vaping during pregnancy. Studies that investigate vaping-associated systemic exposure and its effects (i.e., biomarker analyses) and maternal and neonatal clinical health outcomes are needed to reach more robust conclusions. We particularly emphasize the need to go beyond comparative studies with cigarettes, and advocate for research that objectively evaluates the safety of e-cigarettes and other alternative tobacco products.
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“Prevalence of ENDS use during pregnancy has been increasing,9 potentially in part due to limited knowledge of outcomes associated with intrauterine ENDS exposure.”
From Birth outcomes following intrauterine exposure to electronic nicotine delivery systems: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
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Tobacco Product Use and Cessation Indicators Among Adults — United States, 2018
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Hazardous Compounds in Tobacco Smoke
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The developmental origins of adult disease (Barker) hypothesis
DE BOO, H. A., & HARDING, J. E. (2006) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1479-828x.2006.00506.x · Cited by 630
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E-Cigarettes: Use, Effects on Smoking, Risks, and Policy Implications
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What are the respiratory effects of e-cigarettes?
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An updated overview of e-cigarette impact on human health
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health (2023, February 20). The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); 2014. Table 4.4, Conclusions from Surgeon General’s Report on Active Cigarette Smoking and Adverse Reproductive Outcomes or Childhood Neurobehavioral Disorders, Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK294317/table/ch4.t4/.
Cited by
Maternal vaping and pregnancy adverse outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Vallée, A., Eid, M., Feki, A., & Ayoubi, J.-M. (2025) · Women and Birth · doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2025.101951 · Cited by 16
Fetal growth following electronic cigarette use in pregnancy
Bailey, B. A., Azar, M., Nadolski, K., & Dodge, P. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21091179 · Cited by 7
Intrapartum electronic cigarette use and birth outcomes: evidence from a population-based study
Azar, M., Oatey, M. E., Moniz, M. H., & Bailey, B. A. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21111449 · Cited by 7
Johnstone, S., Schenkel, A., Canazzi, S., Eiden, R. D., & Hawk, Jr. (2026) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntag118 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Vilcassim, M. J. R., Stowe, S., Majumder, R., Subramaniam, A., & Sinkey, R. G.
- Affiliations
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- School of Health Professions, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Center for Women’s Reproductive Health, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Venue
- Toxics
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-03-18
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 278
- ISSN
- 2305-6304
- PMC
- PMC10058591
- Cited by
- 30
- References
- 102
- Language
- en
- Funders
- NHLBI (K23HL159331)
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- Vilcassim, M. J. R., Stowe, S., Majumder, R., Subramaniam, A., & Sinkey, R. G. (2023). Electronic Cigarette Use during Pregnancy: Is It Harmful? Toxics. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11030278
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
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