Potential of an Eco-Sustainable Probiotic-Cleaning Formulation in Reducing Infectivity of Enveloped Viruses
Open accessAbstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has deeply influenced sanitization procedures, and high-level disinfection has been massively used to prevent SARS-CoV-2 spread, with potential negative impact on the environment and on the threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Aiming to overcome these concerns, yet preserving the effectiveness of sanitization against enveloped viruses, we assessed the antiviral properties of the Probiotic Cleaning Hygiene System (PCHS), an eco-sustainable probiotic-based detergent previously proven to stably abate pathogen contamination and AMR. PCHS (diluted 1:10, 1:50 and 1:100) was tested in comparison to common disinfectants (70% ethanol and 0.5% sodium hypochlorite), in suspension and carrier tests, according with the European UNI EN 14476:2019 and UNI EN 16777:2019 standards. Human alpha- and beta-coronaviruses hCoV-229E and SARS-CoV-2, human herpesvirus type 1, human and animal influenza viruses, and vaccinia virus were included in the study. The results showed that PCHS was able to inactivate 99.99% of all tested viruses within 1–2 h of contact, both in suspension and on surface. Notably, while control disinfectants became inactive within 2 h after application, the PCHS antiviral action persisted up to 24 h post-application, suggesting that its use may effectively allow a continuous prevention of virus spread via contaminated environment, without worsening environmental pollution and AMR concern.
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PCHS reduces surface pathogens 80% more than chemical disinfectants.
“This type of sanitation has been shown to reduce surface pathogens 80% more than chemical disinfectants without selecting resistant strains but rather decreasing the prevalence of preexisting AMR up to 99.9%, resulting in a > 50% decrease in HAI incidence [8, 29–35].”
From Profiling the resistome and virulome of Bacillus strains used for probiotic-based sanitation: a multicenter WGS analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [8]
PCHS provides long-lasting decontamination from enveloped viruses in vitro.
“PCHS has also been shown to provide long-lasting decontamination from enveloped viruses in vitro [8]”
From Profiling the resistome and virulome of Bacillus strains used for probiotic-based sanitation: a multicenter WGS analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [8]
PCHS results in a >50% decrease in HAI incidence.
“This type of sanitation has been shown to reduce surface pathogens 80% more than chemical disinfectants without selecting resistant strains but rather decreasing the prevalence of preexisting AMR up to 99.9%, resulting in a > 50% decrease in HAI incidence [8, 29–35].”
From Profiling the resistome and virulome of Bacillus strains used for probiotic-based sanitation: a multicenter WGS analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [8]
PCHS does not select resistant strains but decreases the prevalence of preexisting AMR up to 99.9%.
“This type of sanitation has been shown to reduce surface pathogens 80% more than chemical disinfectants without selecting resistant strains but rather decreasing the prevalence of preexisting AMR up to 99.9%, resulting in a > 50% decrease in HAI incidence [8, 29–35].”
From Profiling the resistome and virulome of Bacillus strains used for probiotic-based sanitation: a multicenter WGS analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [8]
Chemical disinfectants allow rapid recontamination of sanitized surfaces, leading to persistence of bioburden in the hospital environment.
“Chemical disinfectants have been used for decades to achieve such control, but despite their immediate effectiveness, they have been reportedly recognized to allow rapid recontamination of sanitized surfaces, finally leading to the persistence of bioburden in the hospital environment [8].”
From Profiling the resistome and virulome of Bacillus strains used for probiotic-based sanitation: a multicenter WGS analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [8]
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References 65 · Cited by 29
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [10]Center for Disease Control and Prevention—CDC SARS-CoV-2 and Surface (Fomite) Transmission for Indoor Community Environments 2021 Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/science-and-research/surface-transmission.html (accessed on 9 June 2021) 34009771
- Authors
- D’Accolti, M., Soffritti, I., Bonfante, F., Ricciardi, W., Mazzacane, S., & Caselli, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Ferrara (IT)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IT)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Caselli, Elisabetta
- ORCID
- Venue
- Viruses
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-11-04
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2227
- ISSN
- 1999-4915 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8617880
- OpenAlex
- W3214022643
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7
- FWCI
- 2.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Viruses (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Ferrara (University of Ferrara) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- POR FESR Emilia Romagna (PG/2020/362659)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Antimicrobial agents and applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infection Control in Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Infection Control and Ventilation
- Keywords
- antiviral activity, enveloped viruses, SARS-CoV-2, HCoV-229E, influenza virus, herpes simplex virus type 1, vaccinia virus, disinfection, antimicrobial resistance, environmental pollution, surface decontamination, ethanol, sodium hypochlorite
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Animals, Antiviral Agents, Disinfectants, Disinfection, Environmental Microbiology, Humans, Orthomyxoviridae, Sanitation, Vaccinia virus, Virus Diseases, Viruses, Herpesvirus 1, Human, Probiotics, Coronavirus 229E, Human
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