Nanomaterial Delivery Systems for mRNA Vaccines
Open accessAbstract
The recent success of mRNA vaccines in SARS-CoV-2 clinical trials is in part due to the development of lipid nanoparticle delivery systems that not only efficiently express the mRNA-encoded immunogen after intramuscular injection, but also play roles as adjuvants and in vaccine reactogenicity. We present an overview of mRNA delivery systems and then focus on the lipid nanoparticles used in the current SARS-CoV-2 vaccine clinical trials. The review concludes with an analysis of the determinants of the performance of lipid nanoparticles in mRNA vaccines.
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The di-linoleic alkyl tail in DLin-MC3-DMA is prone to degradation, and repeated booster doses can potentially lead to cumulative toxicity.
“However, it was later found that the di-linoleic alkyl tail in DLin-MC3-DMA is prone to degradation, and repeated booster doses can potentially lead to cumulative toxicity.289”
From Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development (2022) · cites this paper as [289]
Its delivery efficiency was 1,000 times lower than that of LNP employed in the Acuitas vaccine formulation.
“However, its delivery efficiency was 1,000 times lower than that of LNP employed in the Acuitas vaccine formulation.289,324”
From Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development (2022) · cites this paper as [289]
mRNA is hydrophilic; it can interact electrostatically and through hydrogen bonds with ionizable cationic lipids (apparent pKa < 6.5).
“mRNA is hydrophilic; it can interact electrostatically and through hydrogen bonds with ionizable cationic lipids (apparent pKa < 6.5) (Buschmann et al., 2021).”
From mRNA-lipid nanoparticle COVID-19 vaccines: structure and stability (2021) · cites this paper as Buschmann et al., 2021
Both the Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech SARS-CoV-2 vaccines contain nucleoside-modified mRNAs.
“Both the Moderna and Pfizer–BioNTech SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, which produced >94% efficacy in phase III clinical trials25, contain nucleoside-modified mRNAs.”
From mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: principles, delivery and clinical translation (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
The Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech SARS-CoV-2 vaccines produced >94% efficacy in phase III clinical trials.
“Both the Moderna and Pfizer–BioNTech SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, which produced >94% efficacy in phase III clinical trials25, contain nucleoside-modified mRNAs.”
From mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: principles, delivery and clinical translation (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
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References 151 · Cited by 582
- Authors
- Buschmann, M. D., Carrasco, M. J., Alishetty, S., Paige, M., Alameh, M. G., & Weissman, D.
- Affiliations
- George Mason University (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Buschmann, Michael D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Vaccines
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-01-19
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 65
- ISSN
- 2076-393X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7836001
- OpenAlex
- W3122312485
- Cited by
- 582
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 66 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 103 · 2022: 122 · 2021: 97
- FWCI
- 11.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Vaccines (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Keywords
- mRNA vaccines, lipid nanoparticles, mRNA delivery systems, COVID-19 vaccines, vaccine adjuvants, vaccine reactogenicity, intramuscular injection, vaccine clinical trials
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