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Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla
Open accessAbstract
The Pavarabandha (Pvb) is a Buddhist text written in Northern Thai and in Lao that can be found on palm leaf manuscripts kept in wat libraries. The Pvb is made of three sections dealing with death, funerals, reincarnation and meditation. This article is a presentation and a translation of the first part of the Pvb. This part tells the story of Mahā Kalā Thera, an old bhikkhu who decided to meditate in a cemetery. There he directed the funerary rites performed before the cremation of a young woman. The monk commented on and explained these rites, which had apparently not been fully appreciated by the people. Since this section of the Pvb starts with the well know evam me suttam Pali formula we refer to it as Mahâ Kalà's apocryphal Sutta. This "Sutta" appears under different names in the Thai-Lao Buddhist literature, independently of the Pvb. It is also known in Khmer and, very significantly, in Mon. Its origin is to be found partly in ancient canonical texts and partly in death rituals that developed in Peninsular Southeast Asia from Buddhist and non-Buddhist beliefs.
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TL;DR
This article presents and translates the first part of the *Pavarabandha*, a Northern Thai/Lao Buddhist anthology on death, focusing on the apocryphal *sutta* of Mahā Kāla. It argues that this text interprets thirteen funerary rites as Buddhist metaphors about impermanence, attachment, rebirth, and nibbāna, and that versions circulated widely across Thai-Lao, Mon, and Khmer traditions.
Key findings
- The *Pavarabandha* is a three-part collection on death; its first part tells how the elder Mahā Kāla meditates in a cemetery, directs the funeral of the young woman Khemāvatī, and explains the rites to King Pasenadi. Because it opens with the Pali formula *evam me suttam*, the author calls it Mahā Kāla’s apocryphal *sutta*.
- The text prescribes thirteen ritual acts, including washing the corpse, tying wrists and ankles, placing two wooden planks in the coffin, using a water pot, descending the coffin by a three-rung ladder, breaking the pot and ladder, drawing a line across the path, processing without looking back, circling the pyre three times, applying ordinary water and coconut juice to the face, cutting the cords, and putting money in the mouth.
- The author reports that ten of these thirteen rites appear in the Khmer *Ariyapuggala*; related Mon texts include *Anissamsa Kammathân* and *Slaput Kalate*, and Thai *anisansa* versions carry titles meaning “care of the corpse.” Sommai Premchit’s catalogue lists seven *Pavarabandha* copies in seven monastery libraries among twenty-three surveyed in Chiang Mai.
- Doctrinally, the rites are read as dharmic metaphors: the three-rung ladder and three circumambulations evoke the three realms or existences, the water pot and broken ladder symbolize impermanence and non-return, coconut juice versus ordinary water contrasts pure and defiled minds, and money in the mouth ironically exposes the uselessness of wealth at death.
Methods
- The study is a philological presentation and French translation of the first section of the *Pavarabandha*, based mainly on manuscript A from Vat San Pong, Mae Rim, Chiang Mai, with collation of thirteen other working copies from Chiang Mai, Vientiane, and the Social Research Institute.
- It compares the text with Pali canonical and commentarial sources, especially *Theragāthā* verses and their commentaries, the *Dhammapada-atthakathā*, and Singhalese adaptations, as well as vernacular Thai-Lao, Mon, and Khmer versions.
- The main analysis identifies the ritual sequence and pairs each act with its doctrinal interpretation, while tracing parallels and differences across regional Buddhist literatures.
Limitations
- The author states that the text is not an objective ethnographic report but a homiletic and doctrinal work with proselytizing aims, and that its rituals and explanations may coincide only loosely.
- The author states that a full understanding of each ritual case would require separate detailed study, which this article does not undertake, and that some hypotheses about Mon origins and pre-Buddhist Southeast Asian settings remain cautious.
- Evident from the text: the translation rests primarily on one manuscript with collated copies, dating is uncertain, some Pali phrases are corrupt or difficult, and the argument about Mon manuscript omissions is qualified by lack of access to original manuscripts.
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Claims the paper makes
74 Sources not found · 29 No basis given · 28 Own interpretation · 21 Own result · 6 Not checked yet · 2 Own method
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In the paper
“Mais ces textes eux-mêmesfort semblables -prennent leur origine, directe ou intermédiaire, dans les vers 151 et 152 des Theragâthâ (Th).”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Le récit presque complet, les personnages et les thèmes de ce sutta existent en effet dans le Dhammapada atthakathâ (Dhp-a) et le Theragâthâ atthakathâ (Th-a).”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Cette histoire s'y termine par l'entrée du thera dans l'état d'arahant.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“On observe de nombreuses et importantes différences entre le sutta de Mahâ Kâla du Lanna et du Laos et ses”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“En Thaïlande, dans le genre anisansa (textes destinés à énumérer les mérites que le dévot pourra tirer de telle ou telle bonne action), on retrouve Smk sous les titres suivants: Anisansa saiïj sakâra ([a:nnisông sông saka:n], (Sommai et Doré 1992, 327-335), Anisansa sîe &aba [a:nnisông sia sôp], Anisansa lân2 gâp ( [a:nnisông la:ng kha:p], Anusaranasâsanakiarti et Keyes 1980, 3).”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les textes en langues vernaculaires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sommai et Doré 1992, 327-335
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Anusaranasâsanakiarti et Keyes 1980, 3
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Une inscription (The Royal Institute 2472, 108), parmi celles décrivant les 13 sortes de moyens de purification ou encore moyens de”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les textes en langues vernaculaires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites The Royal Institute 2472, 108
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
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In the paper
“Smk est également connu, en pays thaï, sous le titre Amata Panha Sutta (SRI 1978, 389;Kingshill 1976, 206-215).”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les textes en langues vernaculaires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites SRI 1978, 389
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Kingshill 1976, 206-215
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Le corps et la maison représentent ces choses qu'il faut quitter.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Smk
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mais c'est au Wat Phra Jetupon (ou Wat Pho) qu'on peut trouver un témoignage plus ancien, et aborigène, de l'importance donnée à ce texte.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les textes en langues vernaculaires
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Ils ne prêtent donc plus d'intérêt aux choses de ce monde qui finissent toujours par se décomposer.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Smk
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 101
- It may state two separate claims as one. 81
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Pvb is made of three sections dealing with death, funerals, reincarnation and meditation.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“son commentaire (Dhp-a), en revanche, donne le plus large développement aux aventures spirituelles de Mahâkàla.Celles-ci ont été traduites en anglais soit à partir de l'original singhalais en pâli (Burlingame 1969), soit à partir de sa version en birman (Rogers 1977 et Buddhagosa [s.d.] ).”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Burlingame 1969
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Rogers 1977
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Buddhagosa [s.d.]
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ces deux époux sont finalement”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ce texte s'écarte sensiblement du Dhp-a: on constate que Kâlï semble perdre un peu de son autorité sur le moine (le texte s'éloignant de ses origines hindoues et se rationalisant de plus en plus?).”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Par ailleurs Kâlï ne propose pas au moine de découper devant lui un cadavre mais lui explique que, s'il parvient à l'état d'arahant, il aura une crémation splendide.Au contraire, s'il n'y parvient pas, il n'aura qu'une crémation de pauvre et ses membre seront découpés pour faciliter la combustion (et économiser le bois).”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
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In the paper
“This”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En dehors du Pavarabandha le sutta apocryphe de Mahâ Kâla est connu comme un texte indépendant, non seulement dans l'ensemble de la littérature religieuse tai mais aussi dans les littératures mône et khmère.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les textes en langues vernaculaires
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sa gardienne, Kâlï, lui demande alors de l'informer officiellement de sa présence ainsi que le chef du village et le chef du monastère voisins.Elle lui explique que ce lieu est fréquenté par des brigands qui viennent y laisser le produit de leurs rapines.Elle craint qu'on ne prenne le thera pour l'un deux et qu'il ne lui arrive malheur.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Alors le méditant récite les vers du Th. et parvient instantanément à l'état d'arahant.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Si les plus anciens de ces manuscrits datent du premier tiers du XIXe siècle”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Le Dhp-a fut traduit et adapté en singhalais au XIIIe siècle (ou retraduit) par un moine appelé Dharmasëna Thera sous le titre Saddharmaratnâvaliya.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ces textes sont cependant suffisamment différenciés pour être pris et lus de façon indépendante: l'histoire de Mahâ Kâla et l'allégorie de Cittakumârï, au moins, se trouvent sous des titres qui leur sont propres dans les littératures religieuses mônes, thaïes et khmères.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Kâlï va alors chercher le thera pour lui montrer ce cadavre qu'elle déshabille sous ses yeux.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Pavarabandha (Pvb) is a Buddhist text written in Northern Thai and in Lao that can be found on palm leaf manuscripts kept in wat libraries.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“appelée Pavarabandha [bualaphantha] dans les littératures religieuses en”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Pour donner à Mahâkàla un objet digne de sa méditation, elle découpe les bras et les jambes d'un cadavre et les place aux côtés du moine; elle ajoute à cette sinistre exposition le crâne du mort ouvert comme un bol ordinaire.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This part tells the story of Mahā Kalā Thera, an old bhikkhu who decided to meditate in a cemetery.There he directed the funerary rites performed before the cremation of a young woman.The monk commented on and explained these rites, which had apparently not been fully appreciated by the people.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Le premier évoque la mort comme phénomène physique et comme base de méditation (texte 1, l'histoire de Mahâ Kâla), le second la mort comme passage d'une existence à l'autre et comme expérience symbolique (texte 2, l'allégorie de Cittakumâri), le troisième, enfin, la mort comme une situation de dépassement par l'adepte, le yogâvacara (texte 3, fin du Pvb).”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is also known in Khmer and, very significantly, in Mon.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Quelques instants plus tard alors que les flammes détruisent cette beauté physique et que le crâne apparaît sous les cheveux et les chairs brûlés, le moine comprend ce que sont la mort et la désagrégation.Dans la nuit il atteindra l'état d'arahant.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“En premier lieu, l'activité du moine sur les sujets d'entraînements (kammatthâna) est expliquée de façon assez détaillée, avec citation à l'appui, dans Smk.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cette femme déterminée lui donne également certaines instructions pour mener à bien sa méditation et lui propose enfin, au cas où il ne parviendrait pas au but recherché dans sa méditation, de retirer un cadavre du feu et de le couper en morceaux devant ses yeux pour l'aider.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Le thera accepte et lui demande de l'avertir au cas où un objet de méditation convenable se présenterait.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Le Pavarabandha (Pvb) est un recueil de trois textes qui s'articulent tous autour du thème de la mort.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“À l'occasion des funérailles d'une jeune et belle femme (sinon un cas de malemort, du moins des circonstances particulièrement tristes) Mahâ Kâla ordonne un cérémonial hautement symbolique dont il donne ensuite l'interprétation doctrinale à la demande du roi Pasenadi.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Enfin, on notera qu'il n'est pas seulement fait mention d'une gardienne de cimetière mais d'un couple de gardiens.Smk introduit en effet un personnage supplémentaire, le mari de Kâlï, Kâla, qui joue un rôle sinon supérieur, du moins égal à sa compagne, dans l'histoire.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since this section of the Pvb starts with the well know evam me suttam Pali formula we refer to it as Mahâ Kalà's apocryphal Sutta.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“L'histoire du thera est connue en partie dans les sources pâli canoniques; on la retrouve aussi dans la littérature singhalaise.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Le Dhp-a raconte que, après avoir reçu l'ordination du Bouddha luimême, Mahâ Kâla, marchand et chef de caravane, choisit de se consacrer à la tâche de l'inspection (vipassanâ dhura).Instruit dans ce type de méditation (c'est un exercice qui conduit à l'état d'arahant) Mahâ Kâla va pratiquer de nuit dans un cimetière.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dans celle-ci est racontée l'histoire d'un disciple du Bouddha, le thera Mahâ Kâla qui, ayant choisi la pratique ascétique (dhutanga) de la méditation sur la mort, va l'exercer dans un cimetière maintenu -détail curieux-par un couple de gardiens portant le même nom, Kàla et Kâlï.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Le moine lui dit de procéder à la crémation et de venir le chercher lorsque le feu commencera à le consumer.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Une raison supplémentaire de se trouver dans un cimetière (pour y trouver des suaires et s'en vêtir, pansukûlà) est également donnée pour le moine qui, dans ce contexte, n'a pas droit au déshabillage de la belle morte (car il existe bel et bien une dimension erotique au Dhp-a).”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Peu après, on apporte au cimetière le corps d'une jeune femme venant juste de mourir: aucun signe de souffrance n'a altéré ses traits et la jeune femme est d'une impeccable beauté.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Celuici est un ancien négociant qui a reçu l'ordination après avoir rencontré le Bouddha.Ce moine fervent va pratiquer la méditation dans un cimetière où il rencontre Kà}ï, une femme à la complexion particulièrement foncée.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“5. Descendre le cercueil de la maison par une échelle spéciale à trois barreaux.Smk est sur ce point un peu elliptique: il faut en effet comprendre que le cercueil ne peut être descendu de la maison (une maison sur pilotis, bien évidemment) par la voie ordinaire, c'est-à-dire l'échelle ou les escaliers donnant sur la porte principale.Halliday rappelle que le texte mon précise qu'il ne faut pas”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Halliday 1922, 34
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Terwiel 1980, 1, 155
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Archaimbault 1963, 6
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“À ma connaissance, il est le seul érudit thaïlandais ou lao à en avoir donné une (rapide) définition :”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les textes en langues vernaculaires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sommai 1974
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“L'un des aspects les plus intéressants du sutta apocryphe de Mahà Kâla réside dans la présentation et l'explication des rites funéraires tels qu'on peut encore partiellement les observer dans le nord de la Thaïlande et au Laos.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The funerary rites described in Smk correspond, at least partially, to rites still observable in northern Thailand and Laos.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“3. Placer deux lattes de bois dans le cercueil, le long du corps.Au contraire du précédent ce rite n'est pas de ceux dont on comprend clairement l'origine bouddhique.Smk associe ces deux bâtons à l'enseignement du Bouddha susceptible de permettre de lutter contre les 62 (fausses) croyances (ditthi).”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“2. Nouer les poignets et les pieds du mort, lui mettre une”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“il est assez surprenant de constater ici, dans ce qui est plutôt un rappel du récit du Dhammapada atthakathà, que le nom de la jeune morte (Khemâvatï) est remplacé par celui du personnage qui occupe toute la seconde partie du Pvb: (Citta) Kumâri, figure allégorique de l'esprit en quête de renaissance.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les textes en langues vernaculaires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites The Royal Institute 2472, 108
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“L'interprétation bouddhique de Smk (inexistante dans les textes môns présentés par Halliday et Kyaw Dun) porte sur les trois barreaux, symboles des trois mondes: cette échelle est posée sur le mur de la forteresse de cristal qu'est le nibbàna.Entrer dans celui-ci nécessite auparavant un/des passages par ces mondes, exige le non-retour et signifie la fin de toute existence (briser l'échelle).”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On se rend compte très vite, à la lecture de ce document, que les rituels ne coïncident parfois que de façon très vague avec le discours qui prétend les fonder.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“1. Laver le cadavre avec de Veau bouillie et refroidie.Cette toilette funéraire est évoquée en des termes semblables dans les textes môns Anissamsa Kammathân [Halliday 1922, 30] et Slaput Kalate [Kyaw Dun 19 17, 87].Comme dans Smk on y apprend que l'eau a été chauffée sur trois pierres ou sur les trois branches d'un fourneau: celles-ci représentent les trois mondes susceptibles d'accueillir l'être”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Halliday 1922, 30
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Kyaw Dun 1917, 87
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dans ce texte, Mahà Kâla ordonne une séquence de treize actes rituels destinés allégoriquement à montrer la vanité de toute présence au monde: c'est avant tout le”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Le catalogue de Sommai Premchit (Sommai 1974) mentionne sept exemplaires de Pvb répartis (en 1 , 3 ou 4 liasses) dans sept bibliothèques de monastères sur les vingt-trois recensées dans son ouvrage pour la ville de Chiang Mai.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les textes en langues vernaculaires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sommai 1974
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Smk est d'une lecture difficile sur ce point.On y élabore en effet une métaphore complexe qui semble jouer sur les mots bague, anneau (hvèn) et verre, miroir (vèn]).L'anneau de la bague serait le cycle des renaissances, le”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Smk en fait le symbole de la haute sagesse bouddhique (panna).”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Smk
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Enfin, il faut noter que les Khmers connaissent cet épisode de Mahâ Kàla dans les textes intitulés Ariyapuggala ou Satimahàpatthàn et dans lesquels le thera est appelé Kâlena (Lagirarde 1996, 66).”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les textes en langues vernaculaires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lagirarde 1996, 66
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“8. Faire mener la procession funèbre par une personne portant un sabre accompagnée d'une autre portant un”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Halliday 1922, 35
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Sabre et couteau -mentionnés par Bourlet et Maspéro -semblent être également parmi les accessoires favoris des cérémonies tai non-bouddhiques du Viêt-nam.Mais cette arme blanche n'en demeure pas moins présente dans les coutumes mônes (Halliday 1922, 32, 34, 35).”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bourlet
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Maspéro
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Halliday 1922, 32, 34, 35
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“6. Fracasser le pot de terre contre l'échelle et briser l'échelle elle-même.Ces destructions symboliques du corps et des niveaux d'existence ne sont pas mentionnées avec précision dans les textes môns.En revanche, Terwiel a noté que la destruction rituelle d'un ou de plusieurs pots à eau est très répandue parmi les Tai.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Terwiel 1980, 1, 155
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ces trois textes qui comptabilisent les mérites obtenus en suivant le rituel funéraire prescrit portent tous un titre signifiant”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les textes en langues vernaculaires
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“La chaleur qu'elles transmettent provoque l'ébullition qui symbolise le mal et le vice (akusala).Le retour à une température normale illustre la possibilité de produire le bien (akusala).Dans un seul corps -le pot -peuvent ainsi se retrouver les deux états extrêmes d'une même réalité.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“L'impureté du corps mort est signifiée dès le titre avant d'être exprimée dans le sermon et le rituel: Sanguan Chotisukharat rappelle à ce propos que le cadavre est désigné comme kha:p nao (dépouille pourrie) lors des cérémonies funéraires du Lanna (Sangnuan 2509, 253).”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les textes en langues vernaculaires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sangnuan 2509, 253
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Smk explique que les yogàvacara, ceux qui s'exercent à la méditation et aux techniques de salut, réussissent à se libérer des actes mauvais (pàpakamma) et abandonnent tout désir de renaître.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Smk
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Et il est certain, en effet, qu'une ligne de fracture est tout à fait sensible, dans ce texte, entre ce qui relève de l'acte et ce qui relève de la parole.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Par ailleurs Smk correspond en détail à la description des coutumes funéraires des Môns donnée par Halliday et tirée d'un manuscrit sur feuilles de latanier qu'il présente sous le titre: Anissamsa Kammathân (Halliday 1922, 28-35), texte que cet auteur met lui-même en rapport avec un autre, intitulé Lokasamutti.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les textes en langues vernaculaires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Halliday 1922, 28-35
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“C'est, du point de vue des religieux,”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Zago 1972, 243
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“C'est le dernier acte rituel prescrit par le thera dans Smk avant d'allumer le bûcher mais son interprétation n'est pas donnée.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Smk
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“pour le n°9, Yachar qui guide la procession porte une bannière -”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites FEM de Phnom Penh
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“On se rend compte aussi que différents régimes de sens divisent le discours général tenu dans Smk.De l'acte rituel (signifiant) on va vers des signifiés (interprétation religieuse doctrinale) soit”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Smk
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Smk explique clairement et longuement que l'argent placé dans la bouche du mort est un acte paradoxal exécuté par moquerie.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Smk
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Kyaw Dun (Kyaw Dun 1917, 86, 87) mentionne avec précision cette nécessité rituelle précisant que ces liens du”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kyaw Dun 1917, 86, 87
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Au contraire le”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kyaw Dun 1917, 88
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Smk
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“(selon nos collègues du FEM de Phnom Penh, le n°7 n'existerait pas, pour le n°9, Yachar qui guide la procession porte une bannière -”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites FEM de Phnom Penh
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Smk y voit une parodie du samsara qui conduit aux trois formes d'existence, kâmabhava, rûpabhava, arûpabhava.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Smk
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Dans l'interprétation du rituel n°2 communiquée par Halliday et bien qu'il n'y ait pas véritablement mention de cette opération, on trouve la raison suivante:”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Halliday 1922, 34
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Mais, soucieux de se distancier des interprétations religieuses”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Smk
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“D'ailleurs, dans ce sutta apocryphe, même si les rites funéraires sont dirigés par un religieux bhikkhu, ils apparaissent avant tout comme des rites domestiques et laïques qui n'exigent en fait aucunement la participation du moine.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Smk
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“En revanche Halliday y fait allusion en ce qui concerne les Môns (Halliday 1922, 35).”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Halliday 1922, 35
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Terwiel a retenu que cette coutume, commune à tous les Tai, était perçue comme un moyen de régler les frais du passage de la rivière qui sépare le monde des vivants de celui des morts (1980,1,153).”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Terwiel 1980,1,153
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Cette hypothèse a bien entendu été faite par tous ceux qui ont lu une version ou l'autre de ce texte, ou qui du point de vue ethnographique, ont étudié ces coutumes, mais il convient de la reprendre à leur suite avec prudence en doutant, par exemple, qu'elles puissent nous guider à coup sûr vers la reconstruction d'une”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Terwiel 1976,160
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Phrase en pâli corrompu. Maha Sila Viravong y a lu:”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Maha Sila Viravong
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Les autres MSS corrigent: yejana jdyapatikà ou yejana jâyapatikâ (prob. yejana jayampatikâ, ces gens mariés).”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > References
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La recension de Luang Prabang (LP1) ajoute:”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > References
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Allusion aux”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > References
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“LP1 explique à cet endroit que les deux gendres et les deux belles filles (du mort?) doivent s'occuper de ce travail.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > References
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Le PVB de Chiang Mai, on l'a vu plus haut, a omis d'évoquer la symbolique des gendres et belles-filles. Seul LP1 y fait allusion.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > References
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Le texte les présente donc en tant qu'actes profanes, profanes dans le sens étymologique du terme: des gestes accomplis”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Smk
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Il s'agit ici des cinq premières souillures (kilesa) dont la liste classique complète est de dix. Elle est donnée pour douze à la ligne suivante.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > References
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“le texte, quant à lui, pourrait remonter, dans sa partie la plus commune, aux origines mêmes de l'expansion du bouddhisme du Petit Véhicule dans la péninsule Indochinoise.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Insistant sur le fait qu'il s'agit d'une vision, Gombrich ajoute que Mahâkàla, adorateur de la déesse, comprend ainsi qu'à sa mort ses restes pourront être utilisés de façon semblable par ses co-religionnaires.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gombrich 1996, 158-159
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Déjà en partie bouddhiques, ces vers seront ensuite totalement rationalisés dans leurs commentaires.Ainsi s'explique, par la superposition de deux niveaux textuels, la curieuse autorité dont fait preuve la”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Its origin is to be found partly in ancient canonical texts and partly in death rituals that developed in Peninsular Southeast Asia from Buddhist and non-Buddhist beliefs.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On a montré ailleurs comment la diffusion du Pavarabandha témoigne de l'ancienneté et de la spécificité de l'unité religieuse et doctrinale du bouddhisme de cette région, en particulier au Cambodge et dans le nord de la Thaïlande (Lagirarde 1996, 63-77).”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lagirarde 1996, 63-77
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Un autre récit fort voisin, structuralement plus”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dans ce sens, Smk se présenterait alors comme un commentaire”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cet ensemble, énoncé en yuan et en lao sous la forme classique d'un sutta canonique (avec un minimum de formules en pâli mais sans oublier celle du début, evam me suttam) possède finalement une réelle unité de temps, de lieu et d'action: il peut donc ainsi mériter d'être appelé le sutta -apocryphe -de Mahà Kàla (Smk).”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Selon lui, Mahâkàla est un”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gombrich 1996, 158-159
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“La présence de Kâla (&iva) dans Smk -venant renforcer l'hypothèse de Gombrich sur l'identité réelle de la gardienne de cimetière dans les deux vers des Th. et le Dhp-a -semble venir compléter de façon logique le récit originel recouvert par le conte bouddhique.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gombrich 1996, 158-159
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On peut conclure de façon provisoire que Smk atteste donc d'une structure ancienne d'un récit qui ne semble pas provenir directement de modèles pâli et encore moins d'une veine singhalaise.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comme tous rites funéraires, ceux qui sont ici décrits s'adressent essentiellement aux vivants, même s'ils semblent ouvrir un”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En revanche, le caractère extra-canonique du sutta et de sa suite est évident.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les textes en langues vernaculaires
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Les rites funéraires toi, dans leur ensemble, sont connus par des descriptions détaillées, souvent rédigées d'un point de vue ethnographique.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Celles-ci se sont opérées au point d'en faire un texte du type ânisansa, dernier avatar dans l'ordre de la lisibilité.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les textes en langues vernaculaires
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mais on aurait tort de croire qu'il s'agit là d'un processus de dégénérescence.Cet état serait peut-être plutôt l'ultime manifestation d'un texte par ailleurs condamné par les réformes religieuses nouvelles et le développement d'une norme rationaliste dans le sarigha.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les textes en langues vernaculaires
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“De plus, Kyaw Dun affirme que les Birmans, qui n'auraient pas de texte correspondant mais suivraient néanmoins ces rituels, les auraient appris d'un ouvrage mon appelé Slaput Kalate (Kyaw Dun 1917, 86).”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les textes en langues vernaculaires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kyaw Dun 1917, 86
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“M. Zago a noté qu'au Laos on lavait le corps avec de l'eau chaude et froide”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Zago 1972, 242 et note 66
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La lecture de Smk, qui nous a conduit à découvrir des textes équivalents et des coutumes semblables dans toutes les grands groupes humains voisins du”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Textual parallels and shared ritual elements across Smk, Mon, Khmer, and Thai-Lao sources indicate historical diffusion or borrowing rather than independent parallel development.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cette remarquable diffusion nous apprend que Smk est donc loin d'être un texte rare ou particulier à un groupe ethnique ou à un autre, même si sa lointaine origine (un millénaire?) est certainement à trouver chez les Môns.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les textes en langues vernaculaires
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Textual parallels and shared ritual elements across Smk, Mon, Khmer, and Thai-Lao sources indicate historical diffusion or borrowing rather than independent parallel development.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ce rapprochement avec un jâtaka est étonnante puisque rien ne vient, dans ce texte, évoquer une vie antérieure d'un Bouddha.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les textes en langues vernaculaires
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“D'excellentes études ont été publiées sur ce sujet notamment en ce qui concerne les populations bouddhistes du Siam, du Lanna et du Laos, mais certains travaux rendent compte aussi des coutumes funéraires en milieu tai non bouddhiste (comme par exemple l'article d'Antoine Bourlet réimprimé dans ce deuxième numéro d'Aséanie).”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Terwiel l'associe à l'idée de peur des revenants ou encore, y voit une tentative de prévenir la perte des khwan ou âmes légères de l'individu décédé (Terwiel 1980, 1, 152).Il semble cependant que l'idée bouddhique des attachements (à l'épouse, aux enfants et aux biens de ce monde) bien exprimée par une formule en pâli soit tout à fait susceptible d'engendrer un authentique rite bouddhique en lui-m”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Terwiel 1980, 1, 152
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Smk fut sans doute historiquement très populaire et, bien que facilement transmissible, sujet à certaines”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les textes en langues vernaculaires
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“L'idée de l'unité textuelle du Pvb semble par là-même se renforcer.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les textes en langues vernaculaires
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En réalité aucune des suites rituelles, aucune des interprétations données ne doivent être mise sur une base commune ou sur un plan d'égalité avec une autre: toutes les combinaisons sont possibles et seule une étude approfondie de chaque cas particulier-ce qui n'est pas l'objet de cet article -pourrait en faire découvrir la composante majeure.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Zago a décrit le”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Zago 1975, 248
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Archaimbault 1963, 7
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Le texte mon Anissamsa Kammathân mentionne deux lattes d'un même bambou fendu placées sur toute la longueur du corps et qui seraient là pour rappeler le”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Halliday, 1922, 34
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Kingshill 1976, 210, 212
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Pour Halliday, le terme kammathân est synonyme, dans ce contexte, de”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les textes en langues vernaculaires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Halliday 1922, 28-35
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Si le”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Zago se trompait peut-être en évoquant, à propos de ces circonstances,”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Zago
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Zago a trouvé à ce sujet une formule qui sonne particulièrement juste:”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Zago 1975, 248, note 83
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Plus loin, le même auteur ajoute que les bouddhistes singhalais ne possèdent”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Witjayaratne 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Il peut s 'agir d'une symbolique”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Zago 1972, 246
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“H est en effet habituel d'entendre dire, ou de lire, que les textes canoniques ou para-canoniques en langue pâli ignorent complètement toutes questions relatives aux rituels privés.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Witjayaratne 1994, 72
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“En s'attachant à prescrire des règles funéraires qui ne concernent pas les religieux mais les laïcs, Smk semble appartenir à un genre exceptionnel -et presque contradictoire en termes de doctrine.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Smk
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Le Pvb et, avec lui, le sutta de Mahâ Kâla sont précisément là pour nous informer sur la réalité et la légitimité”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Pvb
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites sutta de Mahâ Kâla
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“En théorie, la liturgie bouddhique n'interviendrait pas dans les moments clés de l'existence humaine (naissance, mariage, décès):”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Witjayaratne 1994, 72
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Cette utilisation d'une symbolique ordinaire combinée à des figures de style élaborées (ironie, parodie) fait ressortir, à la lecture finalement difficile de ce texte, sa nature profondément composite.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Smk
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Il est certain que ce rituel n'est pas exclusif aux peuples tai -bouddhistes ou non -et qu'il semble au contraire posséder un sens quasi universel.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cette hypothèse a bien entendu été faite par tous ceux qui ont lu une version ou l'autre de ce texte, ou qui du point de vue ethnographique, ont étudié ces coutumes, mais il convient de la reprendre à leur suite avec prudence en doutant, par exemple, qu'elles puissent nous guider à coup sûr vers la reconstruction d'une”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Terwiel 1976,160
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On soulignera, de plus, que cette projection pêche surtout par un trop grand recours à la généralisation: elle ne dit rien du bouddhisme local entre sa protohistoire et ses développements modernes plus connus.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On peut donc rajouter vichikicchà, les doutes sceptiques, thîna, la torpeur mentale, uddhacca, l'agitation, ahirika, l'impudeur, anottappa, l'absence de crainte morale. Et peut-être issâ, la jalousie et macchariya, l'avarice.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > References
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La traduction présentée ici repose sur le manuscrit”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > References
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Kotthâsa est devenu le titre du chant ou psaume qui contient la liste des 32 éléments du corps humain (Vorasak 1989, 12, 47).”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Vorasak 1989, 12, 47
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trop proche de karma (kamma) pour ne pas appeler une nouvelle enquête...”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Le texte donne saddhayaditthi”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > References
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Ou danupassanatha (W) ou tanupâssanatha (Z); il s'agit peut-être, comme semble le suggérer une traduction d'un texte correspondant (Sommai 1992, 330) d'une forme très corrompue du composé ovadati+anusâsati fou anusâsana) qui signifie l'enseignement fondamental. LP1 donne ovâdanùpassâ (ovada anupassati?) interprété comme étant les paroles de”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sommai 1992, 330
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Les références au texte khmer intitulé Ariyapuggala m'ont été fournies par mon collègue O. de Bemon et proviennent des manuscrits n° b 113, b 114-1, b 114-2 du FEMC-EFEO de Phnom-Penh.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > References
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cette échelle ne symbolise pas l'objet qui permet de s'élever: c'est l'obstacle que forment les trois niveaux d'existence.”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > References
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Traduction littérale de nâni2 caï qui signifie”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > References
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Textual parallels and shared ritual elements across Smk, Mon, Khmer, and Thai-Lao sources indicate historical diffusion or borrowing rather than independent parallel development.
“Cette remarquable diffusion nous apprend que Smk est donc loin d'être un texte rare ou particulier à un groupe ethnique ou à un autre, même si sa lointaine origine (un millénaire?) est certainement à trouver chez les Môns.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The funerary rites described in Smk correspond, at least partially, to rites still observable in northern Thailand and Laos.
“L'un des aspects les plus intéressants du sutta apocryphe de Mahà Kâla réside dans la présentation et l'explication des rites funéraires tels qu'on peut encore partiellement les observer dans le nord de la Thaïlande et au Laos.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Coconut juice is considered pure, in contrast to ordinary water.
“La longue comparaison qui va suivre ne se comprend qu'en sachant que le jus de noix de coco est considéré comme pur par opposition à l'eau ordinaire.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The metaphor is a classical way of evoking a tiny and worthless thing.
“Métaphore classique pour évoquer une chose minuscule et sans valeur.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Abstract
“(Lagirarde 1996, 63-77)”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > References
“Lagirarde, François 1994 -"Textes bouddhiques du pays khmer et du Lanna: un exemple de parenté", Recherches nouvelles sur le Cambodge, Paris, EFEO, pp. 63-77.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
“La chaleur qu'elles transmettent provoque l'ébullition qui symbolise le mal et le vice (akusala).Le retour à une température normale illustre la possibilité de produire le bien (akusala).”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
“Les bons kamma (kusalakamma) s'expriment dans le fait de venir voir Nâng Khemâvatï”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
“pour le n°9, Yachar qui guide la procession porte une bannière -"le drapeau de l'âme" -et non pas un sabre”
§ Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla > Les rites funéraires
“8. Faire mener la procession funèbre par une personne portant un sabre accompagnée d'une autre portant un "joyau" .”
Citations
Cites
Notes sur le Bouddhisme populaire en milieu rural lao
Condominas, G. (1968) · Archives de sciences sociales des religions · doi:10.3406/assr.1968.2021 · Cited by 22
Notes sur le Bouddhisme populaire en milieu rural lao (II)
Condominas, G. (1968) · Archives de sciences sociales des religions · doi:10.3406/assr.1968.1811
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Robinne, F. (2012) · Buddhist Funeral Cultures of Southeast Asia and China · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511782251.009 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Lagirarde, F.
- Corresponding author
- Lagirarde, François
- Venue
- Aséanie
- Publisher
- PERSEE Program
- Published
- 1998
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 47-77
- ISSN
- 0859-9009 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2060662092
- Cited by
- 2
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2015: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- fr
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Aséanie (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Indian and Buddhist Studies
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Study and Philosophy of Religion
- Keywords
- funerary practices, Lao Buddhism, cremation, Khmer Buddhism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3406/asean.1998.1595
- The paper
- Lagirarde, F. (1998). Une interprétation bouddhique des rites funéraires du Lanna et du Laos : le sutta apocryphe de Mahā Kāla. Aséanie. https://doi.org/10.3406/asean.1998.1595
