Cited by 2Web Application Security VulnerabilitiesInformation and Cyber SecurityNetwork Security and Intrusion Detection

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 16 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Information Technology Risk Management Using ISO 31000 Based on the ISSAF Penetration Testing Framework

Open access
Firdaus, Mgs Afriyan, Perdianza, Muhammad Egi, Indah, Dwi Rosa·2024·INOVTEK Polbeng - Seri Informatika

Abstract

Information security is critical for higher education institutions, which manage large amounts of sensitive data in the digital age. Data breach incidents in Indonesia's academic sector reached 2,217 in 2021. A university website with 36 web-based information system services was found to have been defaced. SQL injection and XSS attacks, which can lead to data breaches, system manipulation, and disruption of academic services, are also common. These attacks underscore the importance of strong security measures to protect data and preserve the reputation of education. This research assesses the security risk of the XYZ University website using the ISSAF and ISO 31000. ISSAF was applied in four stages: information gathering, network mapping, vulnerability identification, and penetration testing with customization for university web systems. ISO 31000 was used to assess risk severity, resulting in classifications of two high, six medium, and twelve low risks. Security recommendations were developed to address the key risks and can be applied to other universities facing similar threats. The findings provide great insight for educational institutions to strengthen their cybersecurity. Implementing appropriate measures not only improves privacy, but also builds trust and reputation. Proactive information security is becoming a critical asset for the sustainability and credibility of higher education institutions in this vulnerable digital age

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This paper applies ISSAF penetration testing and ISO 31000 risk management to assess the security of the XYZ University website. It reports two high, six medium, and twelve low risks and recommends mitigations focused on high- and medium-level vulnerabilities.

Key findings

  • ISSAF information gathering obtained 18 of 30 desired pieces of information (60% success), and network mapping collected 15 of 21 information types; SSH (22), HTTP (80), and HTTPS (443) ports were open across domains.
  • High-level vulnerabilities included Blind SQL Injection and Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) on `xyz.ac.id`, and Blind SQL Injection on `reg.xyz.ac.id`; medium-level issues included readable `.htaccess`, missing CSRF protection, and `allow_url_fopen` enabled.
  • Penetration testing succeeded with SQL Injection on `xyz.ac.id` via a POST request to `/wisuda/` targeting `idprodi`, and on `ppid.xyz.ac.id` via a GET request to `/page.php?idn=79`; XSS and Local File Inclusion tests failed on the listed subdomains.
  • ISO 31000 risk management identified 22 risks; the abstract and conclusion classify two as high, six as medium, and twelve as low, while Table IX labels R10, R11, R12, R13, and R15 as High and R16, R19, and R20 as Medium. Recommended mitigations include parameterized queries, Content Security Policy, CSRF protection, file upload validation, and restricted backup access.

Methods

  • Case study of the XYZ University website using ISSAF in four stages: information gathering, network mapping, vulnerability identification, and penetration testing. Tools included Whois Domain, Reverse IP Lookup Scanner, Spamhaus, Nmap, and Traceroute, run on Windows 11 and Kali Linux.
  • ISO 31000 risk management followed risk identification, risk analysis, and risk evaluation. Likelihood and impact were scored on a 1–5 scale by an expert panel of IT security and stakeholders, with recommendations divided into immediate, short-term, and long-term phases.

Limitations

  • The paper states that testing permission was limited to the penetration stage only, and that recommendations for low-level risks were simplified or removed because they did not significantly contribute to overall risk.
  • Evident from the text: risk classifications are internally inconsistent—the abstract and conclusion report two high, six medium, and twelve low risks, while Table IX lists five high and three medium risks. The study is also a single anonymized university case study, though the paper suggests the framework can be adapted as a template for other educational institutions.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.35314/1tq72v53

Cites

12 of 12 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Figures

Gambar 2 Diagram alur PenelitianGambar 2 menunjukkan tahapan penelitian dimulai dengan studi literatur mengenai teknik serangan dan manajemen risiko di situs web Universitas XYZ. Selanjutnya, pengujian penetrasi menggunakan Framework ISSAF dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi celah keamanan, diikuti dengan evaluasi risiko menggunakan ISO 31000 dan perumusan tindakan mitigasi. Penelitian diakhiri dengan rekomendasi untuk universitas atau institusi serupa. Dalam pengujian penetrasi menggunakan Framework ISSAF, terdapat empat tahap utama yang dilaksanakan, mengingat batasan izin yang diberikan oleh pihak terkait hanya mencakup hingga tahap penetrasi. Subtahapan pengujian penetrasi berdasarkan Framework ISSAF meliputi empat langkah yang diilustrasikan pada Gambar 3.
Gambar 2 Diagram alur PenelitianGambar 2 menunjukkan tahapan penelitian dimulai dengan studi literatur mengenai teknik serangan dan manajemen risiko di situs web Universitas XYZ. Selanjutnya, pengujian penetrasi menggunakan Framework ISSAF dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi celah keamanan, diikuti dengan evaluasi risiko menggunakan ISO 31000 dan perumusan tindakan mitigasi. Penelitian diakhiri dengan rekomendasi untuk universitas atau institusi serupa. Dalam pengujian penetrasi menggunakan Framework ISSAF, terdapat empat tahap utama yang dilaksanakan, mengingat batasan izin yang diberikan oleh pihak terkait hanya mencakup hingga tahap penetrasi. Subtahapan pengujian penetrasi berdasarkan Framework ISSAF meliputi empat langkah yang diilustrasikan pada Gambar 3.CC-BY-NC-SA · From the PDF

Verification

Claims the paper makes

15 Own result · 13 Sources not found · 10 Own interpretation · 5 Own method

Show all 16 claims

  • It may state two separate claims as one. 19
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 13
27 of 27
  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Universitas XYZ manages large amounts of sensitive personal data of students and staff, including academic and financial data, making it vulnerable to cyber attacks.

    “Universitas ini mengelola sejumlah besar data pribadi mahasiswa dan staf, termasuk data akademik dan keuangan, yang bersifat sensitif dan rahasia, sehingga rentan terhadap ancaman serangan siber.”
  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Historical attack data from other universities are applicable for calibrating likelihood and impact criteria for XYZ University.

    “Setiap tingkat kriteria, baik untuk kemungkinan (Tabel 6) maupun dampak (Tabel 7), telah dikalibrasi dengan data historis serangan yang pernah terjadi di universitas lain”
  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The expert panel's risk categorization is valid and reliable.

    “Setiap risiko dikategorikan dalam tiga tingkatan: tinggi, sedang, dan rendah, berdasarkan hasil dari panel ahli yang terdiri dari tim IT security dan stakeholders utama.”
3 of 3

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

6 of 6

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. M. Z. Hasan, M. Z. Hussain, M. Taimoor, and A. Chughtai, "Penetration Testing In System Administration," INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH, vol. 6, no. 06, 2017, [Online]. Available: www.ijstr.org
  2. M. Mirjalili, A. Nowroozi, and M. Alidoosti, "A survey on web penetration test," 2014. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270523617
  3. R. H. Hutagalung, L. E. Nugroho, and R. Hidayat, "Analisis Uji Penetrasi Menggunakan ISSAF," Hacking Digit. Forensics Expo, pp. 32-40, 2017.
  4. A. Lubis and A. Tarigan, "Security Assessment of Web ApplicationThrough Penetration System Techniques," Jend. Gatot Subroto Km, vol. 4, no. 100, pp. 296-303, 2017.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 2

Metadata

Authors
Firdaus, M. A., Perdianza, M. E., & Indah, D. R.
Affiliations
Sriwijaya University (ID)
Venue
INOVTEK Polbeng - Seri Informatika
Published
2024-10-24
Volume
9
Issue
2
Pages
839-851
ISSN
2527-9866 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W4404773496
Cited by
2
References
9
Citations by year
2026: 2
FWCI
0.52
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
INOVTEK Polbeng - Seri Informatika (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Web Application Security Vulnerabilities
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Information and Cyber Security
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Network Security and Intrusion Detection
Keywords
information security risk management, ISO 31000, penetration testing, higher education institutions, SQL injection, cross-site scripting, data breaches, vulnerability assessment, risk classification, security recommendations

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-07, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).

A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-07 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review