Stochastic Energy Management of Microgrid with Nodal Pricing

The hybrid PSOS-CGSA algorithm has demonstrated performance in solving various complex optimization problems such as distribution system state estimation, dynamic economic dispatch, and optimal power flow in distribution networks.

“Its performance in terms of simplicity, efficiency and robustness has been demonstrated in solving various complex optimization problems such as distribution system state estimation [23], dynamic economic dispatch [26], and optimal power flow in DNs [12].”

The proposed PSOS-CGSA-based approach for OAPD leads to a large reduction in costs for electricity compared to the base case and the approach for OAPD in [12].

“The results in Figure 9 clearly indicate that the proposed PSOS-CGSA-based approach for OAPD leads to a large reduction in costs for electricity compared to the base case and the approach for OAPD in [12].”

PV and battery inverters have the ability to control generation/absorption of reactive power and can be used as an additional regulation resource in distribution networks.

“Depending on the nominal apparent power of the converter and the active power level of the corresponding PV source or battery, they have the ability to control the generation/absorption of reactive power, that is, they can be used as an additional regulation resource in DNs [12,20], as illustrated in Figure 1.”

Charging/discharging powers of BESS determined by the price-based coefficient aφ(t) as in [12] and [16] do not guarantee optimal dispatch of active power according to the adopted objective function.

“However, the charging/discharging powers of the BESS determined in this way do not guarantee the optimal dispatch of the active power according to the adopted objective function.”