The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A free, easy-to-use, computer-based simple and four-choice reaction time programme: the Deary-Liewald reaction time task.
Open accessAbstract
Reaction time tasks are used widely in basic and applied psychology. There is a need for an easy-to-use, freely available programme that can run simple and choice reaction time tasks with no special software. We report the development of, and make available, the Deary-Liewald reaction time task. It is initially tested here on 150 participants, aged from 18 to 80, alongside another widely used reaction time device and tests of fluid and crystallised intelligence and processing speed. The new task's parameters perform as expected with respect to age and intelligence differences. The new task's parameters are reliable, and have very high correlations with the existing task. We also provide instructions for downloading and using the new reaction time programme, and we encourage other researchers to use it.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These differences were substantial: the mean CRT latencies reported in Deary et al. (2001) were increased by 172 ms, nearly 2.0 standard deviations, in comparison with the results of Deary et al. (2011).”
From Age-related slowing of response selection and production in a visual choice reaction time task (2015) · cites this paper as Deary et al., 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“For example, two studies performed by the same laboratory (Deary et al., 2001, 2011) reported mean SRT latencies that differed by more than 80 ms.”
From Factors influencing the latency of simple reaction time (2015) · cites this paper as Deary et al., 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“For example, using a similar four-choice CRT paradigm, Deary et al. (2001) found mean CRT latencies of 728 ms in a large group of 56 year old participants, while Deary et al. (2011) found mean CRT latencies of 556 ms in participants with a mean age of 48 years.”
From Age-related slowing of response selection and production in a visual choice reaction time task (2015) · cites this paper as Deary et al., 2011
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Previous studies have found significant age-related slowing of visual CRT latencies in a variety of experiments, including paradigms with two stimuli and two response buttons (Bugg et al., 2006; Feeney et al., 2013), paradigms with four stimuli and two response buttons, and paradigms with four stimuli and four response buttons (Deary et al., 2011).”
From Age-related slowing of response selection and production in a visual choice reaction time task (2015) · cites this paper as Deary et al., 2011
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition
Salthouse, T. A. (1996) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.103.3.403 · Cited by 5,902 · cited 1×
“Indeed, reaction times have been viewed as capturing the capacity of processing speed that is a major foundation of the age-related declines in higher-level cognitive functions (Madden, 2001; Salthouse, 1996).”
BackgroundWechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence
Dumont, R., Willis, J. O., Veizel, K., & Zibulsky, J. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118660584.ese2519 · Cited by 5,546
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III
Ryan, J. J., & Lopez, S. J. (2001) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1185-4_2 · Cited by 3,680
Handbook of the Psychology of Aging
Schaie, K. W., Willis, S. L., Knight, B. G., & Park, D. C. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2012-0-07221-3 · Cited by 3,440
On the speed of mental processes
Donders, F. C. (1969) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(69)90065-1 · Cited by 1,784
Variability in Reaction Time Performance of Younger and Older Adults
Hultsch, D. F., MacDonald, S. W. S., & Dixon, R. A. (2002) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/57.2.p101 · Cited by 838
Wechsler Test of Adult Reading
(2001) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t15180-000 · Cited by 616
Der, G., & Deary, I. J. (2006) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.62 · Cited by 611
Self-citationClocking the Mind: Mental Chronometry and Individual Differences
Jensen, A. R. (2006) · Cited by 533
V.—MENTAL TESTS AND MEASUREMENTS
Cattell, J. M. (1890) · Mind · doi:10.1093/mind/os-xv.59.373 · Cited by 405
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Galton, F. (1890). Remarks on 'Mental tests and measurements' by J McK. Cattell. Mind, 15, 380–381.
- Huppert, F. A., & Whittington, J. E. (1993). Changes in cognitive function in a population sample. In B. D. Cox, F. A. Huppert, & M. J. Whichelow (Eds.), The Health and Lifestyle Survey: seven years on. Aldershot, U.K.: Dartmouth.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Reliability and validity of the UK Biobank cognitive tests
Fawns-Ritchie, C., & Deary, I. J. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231627 · Cited by 396
Self-citationPhysiological and cognitive performance of exposure to biophilic indoor environment
Yin, J., Zhu, S., MacNaughton, P., Allen, J. G., & Spengler, J. D. (2018) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.01.006 · Cited by 438
Smith, B. H., Campbell, A., Linksted, P., Fitzpatrick, B., Jackson, C., Kerr, S. M., Deary, I. J., MacIntyre, D. J., Campbell, H., McGilchrist, M., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dys084 · Cited by 401
Self-citationFactors influencing the latency of simple reaction time
Woods, D. L., Wyma, J. M., Yund, E. W., Herron, T. J., & Reed, B. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00131 · Cited by 336
“For example, using a similar paradigm, Deary and Der (2005) reported mean SRTs of 328 ms, Deary et al. (2001) reported mean SRTs of 358 ms, Deary et al. (2011) reported mean SRTs of 256 ms, and Dykiert et al. (2012b) reported mean SRTs of 275 ms.”
MethodResultInfluentialMcMillan, A., Bratton, D. J., Faria, R., Laskawiec-Szkonter, M., Griffin, S., Davies, R. J., Nunn, A. J., Stradling, J. R., Riha, R. L., & Morrell, M. J. (2014) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(14)70172-9 · Cited by 234
Metadata
- Authors
- Deary, I. J., Liewald, D., & Nissan, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Deary, Ian J.
- Venue
- Behavior Research Methods
- Published
- 2010-11-24
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 258-268
- ISSN
- 1554-351X (ISSN-L)
- 1554-3528
- OpenAlex
- W2124025171
- Cited by
- 328
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 5.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Behavior Research Methods (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- University of Edinburgh
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology
- Medical Research Council
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Economic and Social Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- reaction time, simple reaction time, choice reaction time, free software, open source software, processing speed, fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, age differences, reliability statistics
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Choice Behavior, Computers, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Middle Aged, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Software, Wechsler Scales, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
