Cited by 1Ethics in Business and EducationJob Satisfaction and Organizational BehaviorCyberloafing and Workplace Behavior

Impact of Work Regulatory Focus and Work Locus of Control on Unethical Pro-Organizational Behaviors in Pharmaceuticals: Mediating Role of Reflective Moral Attentiveness

Open access
Abdul Rauf Qureshi, Basharat Raza, Alia Ahmed·2022·RADS Journal of Business Management

Abstract

This study intends to examine the effect of promotion work regulatory focus, external work locus of control on unethical pro-organizational behaviors and mediated role of reflective moral attentiveness in pharmaceutical sales sector of Pakistan. SEM technique was used with SPSS 23 version to analyze the data of 308 pharmaceutical sales managers of Pakistan collected through online questionnaires. The study finds the significant positive effect of promotion work regulatory focus and external work locus of control on unethical pro-organizational behaviors and significant mediated role of reflective moral attentiveness. The study is the first to examine the mediated role of reflective moral attentiveness in association of promotion work regulatory focus and external work locus of control with unethical pro-organizational behaviors in pharmaceutical sales sector of Pakistan. Managers must give the preferences to ethical matters in their team meetings and resolve the ethical dilemmas as a team. Managers must acknowledge the ethical behaviors by promoting these employees to higher positions. Managers should encourage the employees to ponder the moral issues and consider the consequences of unethical behaviors to the organization. Only those applicants should be hired displaying high level of moral attentiveness through hard-hitting ethical questions and ethical scenarios.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.37962/jbm.v4i1.95

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Research works printed but not linked: 31

  1. Ahmed, K. A., & Chandani, S. (2020). Challenges of Pakistani pharmaceutical industry: Pakistan case. International Journal of Experiential Learning & Case Studies, 5(2), 193-203.
  2. Al Halbusi, H., Ruiz-Palomino, P., Morales-Sánchez, R., & Abdel Fattah, F. A. M. (2021). Managerial ethical leadership, ethical climate and employee ethical behavior: does moral attentiveness matter?. Ethics & Behavior, 31(8), 604-627.
  3. Altawalbeh, S. M., Ibrahim, I. A., & Al-Shatnawi, S. F. (2020). Influence of pharmaceutical promotion on prescribers in Jordan. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 42(2), 744-755.
  4. Arun, G., & Krishnan, C. M. (2021). Autocratic leadership among managers and its impact on salespersons behavior in india's pharmaceutical industry. in when leadership fails: individual, group and organizational lessons from the worst workplace experiences (pp. 81-90). Emerald Publishing Limited.
  5. Awal, A. and Saidy, S., 2021. The unethical practices of the pharmaceutical industries in Bangladesh in their drug promotion and its impacts. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research, 11(4), pp.1-5.
  6. Bandura, A., 2014. Social cognitive theory of moral thought and action (pp. 69-128). Psychology Press.
  7. Blau, P.M., 1964. Justice in social exchange. Sociological inquiry, 34(2), pp.193-206.
  8. Cornwell, J. F. M., & Korenman, L. M. (2021). Regulatory focus and (un)ethical behavior within an organization. Motivation Science, 7(2), 225-228.
  9. Dong, R., Lu, T., Hu, Q., & Ni, S. (2021). The effect of formalism on unethical decision making: The mediating effect of moral disengagement and moderating effect of moral attentiveness. Business Ethics: A European Review, 30(1), 127-142.
  10. R AD S J o ur na l o f B us i n es s Ma na g e m e nt Othman, G. Q., Halboup, A. M., & Battah, M. M. (2020). Ethical evaluation of pharmaceutical marketing in Sana'a City, Yemen. Yemeni Journal for Medical Sciences, 14(1), 13-21.
  11. Graham, K.A., Ziegert, J.C. and Capitano, J., 2015. The effect of leadership style, framing, and promotion regulatory focus on unethical pro-organizational behavior. Journal of business ethics, 126(3), pp.423-436.
  12. Gul, R., Saeed, H., Saleem, Z., Rasool, F., Hashmi, F. K., Islam, M., Imran, I., Raza, S. A., & Danish, Z. (2021). Perceptions of and barriers to ethical promotion of pharmaceuticals in Pakistan: perspectives of medical representatives and doctors. BMC Medical Ethics, 22(1), 1-17.
  13. Khan, R., Murtaza, G., Neveu, J. P., & Newman, A. (2022). Reciprocal relationship between workplace incivility and deviant silence-The moderating role of moral attentiveness. Applied Psychology, 71(1), 174-196.
  14. Khan, S.B. and Kohsuwan, P., 2021. The influence of supervisory approaches on sales performance through a regulatory focus perspective in telemarketing in Bangladesh. Human Behavior, Development and Society, 22(1), pp.83-94.
  15. Khowaja, R. H., & Feroz, A. (2020). Unethical pharmaceutical marketing in Pakistan: a systematic review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, 11(1), 55-60.
  16. Khushi Muhammad, A., Ali, A., Lodhi, R. N., & Kalsoom, U. (2020). Exploring the antecedents and consequences of mal-marketing in the pharmaceutical industry: A case study of Pakistan. RADS Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 8(1), 14-25.
  17. Limbu, Y. B., & Huhmann, B. A. (2022). Ethical issues in pharmaceutical marketing: A systematic review and future research agenda. Journal of Global Marketing, 35(1), 1-20.
  18. Malik, F. (2021). The role of drug regulatory authority in ethical promotion of pharmaceuticals in Pakistan: A grounded theory study. City University Research Journal, 11(1), 1-38.
  19. Malik, F., Khan, S., Hakeem, L., & Sharif, I. (2021). How pharmaceutical marketing manipulates the prescription pattern of Physicians ? A grounded theory study. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change., 15(5), 735-753.
  20. Miao, Q., Eva, N., Newman, A., Nielsen, I., & Herbert, K. (2020). Ethical leadership and unethical pro-organisational behaviour: The mediating mechanism of reflective moral attentiveness. Applied Psychology, 69(3), 834- 853.
  21. Mulki, J. and Lassk, F.G., 2019. Joint impact of ethical climate and external work locus of control on job meaningfulness. Journal of Business Research, 99, pp.46-56.
  22. Neubert, M. J. et al. (2008) 'Regulatory focus as a mediator of the influence of initiating structure and servant leadership on employee behavior', Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(6), pp. 1220-1233.
  23. Reynolds, S. J. (2008). Moral attentiveness: who pays attention to the moral aspects of life? Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(5), 1027-1041.
  24. Sawad, A.B. and Andrews, K., 2021. General theory of marketing ethics and unethical behavior in the pharmaceutical industry field. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Allied Sciences, 10(3).
  25. Siswanto, S., & Darus, U. (2020). The moderating role of work discipline on the links between locus of control and work ethics in local government employees. Management and Economics Journal, 4(2), 117-134.
  26. Spector, P. E. (1988). Development of the work locus of control scale. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 61(4), 335-340.
  27. Tang, C., Chen, Y., & Wei, W. (2020). External work locus of control and unethical pro-organizational behavior: A Dual-Path Model. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2020(1), 13294.
  28. R AD S J o ur na l o f B us i n es s Ma na g e m e nt Tang, P. M., Yam, K. C., Koopman, J., & Ilies, R. (2022). Admired and disgusted? Third parties' paradoxical emotional reactions and behavioral consequences towards others' unethical pro-organizational behavior. Personnel Psychology, 75(1), 33-67.
  29. Umphress, Elizabeth E.,Bingham, J. B. (2010). Unethical behavior in the name of the company: the moderating effect of organizational identification and positive reciprocity beliefs on unethical pro-organizational behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(4), 769-780.
  30. Valle, M., Kacmar, K.M. and Zivnuska, S., 2019. Understanding the effects of political environments on unethical behavior in organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 156(1), pp.173-188.
  31. Yanzi, W. and Xiangling, Z., 2021. The influence mechanism of regulatory focuses on employees' constructive deviance. Foreign Economics & Management, 43(04), pp.50-63.

Cited by

Authors
Qureshi, A. R., Raza, B., & Ahmed, A.
Affiliations
National College of Business Administration and Economics (PK)
Venue
RADS Journal of Business Management
Published
2022-06-30
Volume
4
Issue
1
Pages
76-89
ISSN
  • 2708-4051 (ISSN-L)
  • 2708-406X
OpenAlex
W4416676323
Cited by
0
References
0
FWCI
0.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
RADS Journal of Business Management (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Ethics in Business and Education
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
  • Social Sciences › Demography › Cyberloafing and Workplace Behavior
Keywords
promotion focus, external locus of control, unethical pro-organizational behavior, mediating effect, pharmaceutical industry, Pakistan

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review