The DOI matches its Crossref record; 106 of the 107 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
SPARC: MASS MODELS FOR 175 DISK GALAXIES WITH SPITZER PHOTOMETRY AND ACCURATE ROTATION CURVES
Open accessAbstract
We introduce SPARC ( Spitzer Photometry and Accurate Rotation Curves): a sample of 175 nearby galaxies with new surface photometry at 3.6 μ m and high-quality rotation curves from previous H i /H α studies. SPARC spans a broad range of morphologies (S0 to Irr), luminosities (∼5 dex), and surface brightnesses (∼4 dex). We derive [3.6] surface photometry and study structural relations of stellar and gas disks. We find that both the stellar mass–H i mass relation and the stellar radius–H i radius relation have significant intrinsic scatter, while the H i mass–radius relation is extremely tight. We build detailed mass models and quantify the ratio of baryonic to observed velocity ( V bar / V obs ) for different characteristic radii and values of the stellar mass-to-light ratio (ϒ ⋆ ) at [3.6]. Assuming ϒ ⋆ ≃ 0.5 M ⊙ / L ⊙ (as suggested by stellar population models), we find that (i) the gas fraction linearly correlates with total luminosity; (ii) the transition from star-dominated to gas-dominated galaxies roughly corresponds to the transition from spiral galaxies to dwarf irregulars, in line with density wave theory; and (iii) V bar / V obs varies with luminosity and surface brightness: high-mass, high-surface-brightness galaxies are nearly maximal, while low-mass, low-surface-brightness galaxies are submaximal. These basic properties are lost for low values of ϒ ⋆ ≃ 0.2 M ⊙ / L ⊙ as suggested by the DiskMass survey. The mean maximum-disk limit in bright galaxies is ϒ ⋆ ≃ 0.7 M ⊙ / L ⊙ at [3.6]. The SPARC data are publicly available and represent an ideal test bed for models of galaxy formation.
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“the universal rotation curve of spirals of MW luminosity is flat or gently declining out to the last measured point (Persic et al., 1996; Salucci, 2019; Lelli et al., 2016; Mistele et al., 2024; Bariego-Quintana & Llanes-Estrada, 2026).”
From The rotation curve of the Milky Way: State of the art, the Keplerian decline debate, and implications for dark matter (2026) · cites this paper as Lelli et al., 2016
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On the Disks of Spiral and so Galaxies
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Secular Evolution and the Formation of Pseudobulges in Disk Galaxies
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HIGH-RESOLUTION ROTATION CURVES AND GALAXY MASS MODELS FROM THINGS
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Extended rotation curves of spiral galaxies: dark haloes and modified dynamics
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Tully, R. B., Courtois, H. M., Dolphin, A. E., Fisher, J. R., Héraudeau, P., Jacobs, B. A., Karachentsev, I. D., Makarov, D. I., Makarova, L., Mitronova, S., et al. (2013) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/146/4/86 · Cited by 689
High-resolution rotation curves of low surface brightness galaxies
de Blok, W. J. G., & Bosma, A. (2002) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020080 · Cited by 617
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Challenges for Λ CDM: An update
Perivolaropoulos, L., & Skara, F. (2022) · New Astronomy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.newar.2022.101659 · Cited by 1,130
Ferreira, E. G. M. (2021) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-021-00135-6 · Cited by 578
One Law to Rule Them All: The Radial Acceleration Relation of Galaxies
Lelli, F., McGaugh, S., Schombert, J. M., & Pawlowski, M. S. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/836/2/152 · Cited by 437
Self-citationValentino, E. D., Said, J. L., Riess, A. G., Pollo, A., Poulin, V., Gómez-Valent, A., Weltman, A., Palmese, A., Huang, C. D., van de Bruck, C., et al. (2025) · Physics of the Dark Universe · doi:10.1016/j.dark.2025.101965 · Cited by 590
The distribution of dark matter in galaxies
Salucci, P. (2019) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-018-0113-1 · Cited by 348
Metadata
- Authors
- Lelli, F., McGaugh, S. S., & Schombert, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- University of Oregon (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lelli, Federico
- Venue
- The Astronomical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2016-11-11
- Volume
- 152
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 157
- ISSN
- 0004-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-3881
- OpenAlex
- W2464805820
- Cited by
- 835
- References
- 107
- Citations by year
- 2026: 139 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 78 · 2021: 89 · 2020: 92 · 2019: 72 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 7
- FWCI
- 29.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astronomical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Scholarly Commons @ Case Western Reserve University (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- SPARC, disk galaxies, rotation curves, mass models, surface photometry, stellar mass-to-light ratio, void fraction, baryonic mass, density wave theory, galaxy formation, spiral galaxies, dwarf irregular galaxies
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