STATISTICS OF LONG PERIOD GAS GIANT PLANETS IN KNOWN PLANETARY SYSTEMS
Open accessAbstract
We conducted a Doppler survey at Keck combined with NIRC2 K -band adaptive optics (AO) imaging to search for massive, long-period companions to 123 known exoplanet systems with one or two planets detected using the radial velocity (RV) method. Our survey is sensitive to Jupiter-mass planets out to 20 au for a majority of stars in our sample, and we report the discovery of eight new long-period planets, in addition to 20 systems with statistically significant RV trends that indicate the presence of an outer companion beyond 5 au. We combine our RV observations with AO imaging to determine the range of allowed masses and orbital separations for these companions, and account for variations in our sensitivity to companions among stars in our sample. We estimate the total occurrence rate of companions in our sample to be 52 ± 5% over the range 1–20 M Jup and 5–20 au. Our data also suggest a declining frequency for gas giant planets in these systems beyond 3–10 au, in contrast to earlier studies that found a rising frequency for giant planets in the range 0.01–3 au. This suggests either that the frequency of gas giant planets peaks between 3 and 10 au, or that outer companions in these systems have a different semi-major axis distribution than the overall population of gas giant planets. Our results also suggest that hot gas giants may be more likely to have an outer companion than cold gas giants. We find that planets with an outer companion have higher average eccentricities than their single counterparts, suggesting that dynamical interactions between planets may play an important role in these systems.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Knutson et al. (2014) and Bryan et al. (2016) found that 70 ± 8% of hot Jupiters have an outer planet between 1-20 AU and 1-13 Jupiter masses.
“Knutson et al. (2014), Bryan et al. (2016) found that 70 ± 8% of hot Jupiters have an outer planet between 1-20 AU and 1-13 Jupiter masses.”
From Origins of Hot Jupiters (2018) · cites this paper as Bryan et al. (2016)
Bryan et al. (2016) found the companion rate to be lower for warm Jupiters than for hot Jupiters (49 ± 10% vs. 75 ± 5%).
“Regarding longer period companions, Bryan et al. (2016) found the companion rate to be lower for warm Jupiters than for hot Jupiters (49 ± 10% vs. 75 ± 5%).”
From Origins of Hot Jupiters (2018) · cites this paper as Bryan et al. (2016)
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Models of giant planet formation with migration and disc evolution
Alibert, Y., Mordasini, C., Benz, W., & Winisdoerffer, C. (2005) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042032 · Cited by 685 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Becker, J. C. et al 2015, arXiv:150802411B
- Da Silva, R. et al 2007, 473, 1
- Fulton, B. J. et al 2015, ApJ, 805, 2 Giguere, M. J. et al 2012, ApJ, 744, 4 Filliland, R. L. et al 2011, ApJ, 726, 1 Goldreich, P., & Tremaine, S. 1980, ApJ, 241, 425 Haghighipour, N. et al 2012, ApJ, 756, 1 Haghighipour, N. et al 2010, ApJ, 715, 1 Han, E. et al 2014, PASP, 126, 827 Harakawa, H. et al 2010, ApJ, 715, 1 Hebrard, G., Ehrenreich, D., Bouchy, F., et al. 2011, A&A, 527, L11 Howard, A. W. et al 2011, ApJ, 726, 2 Howard, A. W. et al 2011, ApJ, 730, 1 Howard, A. W. 2013, Science, 340, 572 Howard, A. W. et al 2009, ApJ, 696, 1 Howard, A. et al 2009, ApJ, 749, 134 Howard, A. W. et al 2010, ApJ, 721, 2 Howard, A. W. et al. 2012, ApJS, 201, 15 Howard, A. W. et al 2014, ApJ, 794, 1 Huber, D. et al 2013, Science, 342, 6156 Husser, T.-O., Wende-von Berg, S., Dreizler, S., et al. 2013, A&A, 553, A6 Isaacson, H., & Fischer, D. 2010, ApJ, 725, 875 Johnson, J. A. & Wright, J. T. 2013, arXiv:1307.3441J Johnson, J. A. et al 2010, PASP, 122, 892 Johnson, J.A. 2011, ApJS, 197, 2 Johnson, J. A. et al 2013, ApJ, 763, 1 Johnson, J. et al 2010, PASP, 122, 149 Johnson, J. A. et al 2010, PASP, 122, 888 Johnson, J.A. et al 2010, PASP, 122, 894 Johnson, J. A. et al 2010, ApJL, 721, 2 Johnson, J. A. et al 2007, ApJ, 665, 1 Johnson, J. A. et al 2007, ApJ, 670, 1 Johnson, J. A. et al 2011, ApJ, 141, 1 Johnson, J. A. et al 2006, ApJ, 647, 1 Jones, H. R. et al 2010, MNRAS, 403, 4 Juric, M., & Tremaine, S. 2008, ApJ, 686, 603 Kane, S. R. et al 2012, MNRAS, 425, 1 Kane, S. R. et al 2015, submitted to ApJ, arXiv: 1504.04066v1 Kass, R. E. & Raftery, A. E. 1995, J. Am. Statist. Assoc., 90, 430 Kipping, D. M. 2013, MNRAS, 434, L51 Knutson, H. A. et al 2014, ApJ, 785, 126 Limbach, M. A. & Turner, E. L. 2014, arXiv:1404.2552L Lin, D. N. C., & Papaloizou, J. C. B. 1986, ApJ, 309, 846 Lin, D. N. C., Bodenheimer, P., & Richardson, D. C. 1996, Nature, 380, 606 Liu, M. C., Fischer, D. A., Graham, J. R., et al. 2002, ApJ, 571, 519 Lloyd, J. P. 2011, ApJL, 739, 2 Lloyd, J. P. 2013, ApJL, 774, 1 Malmberg, D., Davies, M. B., & Chambers, J. E. 2007, MNRAS, 377, L1 Marcy, G. W. & Butler, R. P. 2000, ApJ, 536, 1 Marcy, G. W. & Butler, R. P. 1992, PASP, 104, 674 · arXiv
- Metchev, S. A. & Hillenbrand, L. A. 2009, ApJS, 181, 1 Montet, B. T. et al 2014, ApJ, 781, 1 Mortier, A. et al 2013, A&A, 556 Morton, T. D. & Winn, J. N. 2014, ApJ, 796, 1 Moutou, C. et al 2009, A&A, 498, 1 Moutou, C. et al 2011, A&A, 527 Mugrauer, M. et al 2005, A&A, 440, 3 Mugrauer, M. et al 2007, Proceedings IAU Symposium, No. 240 Nagasawa, M., Ida, S., & Bessho, T. 2008, ApJ, 678, 498 Naoz, S. M. et al 2012, ApJ, 754, 36 Ngo, H. et al 2015, ApJ, 800, 138 Peek, K. M. G. et al 2009, PASP, 121, 880 Pepe, F. et al 2011, A&A, 534 Perrier, C. et al 2003, A&A, 410 Petigura, E. et al 2013, PNAS, 110, 48 Pilyavsky, G. et al 2011, ApJ, 743, 2 Pollack, J. B. et al 1996, Icarus, 124, 1 Rafikov, R. R. 2006, ApJ, 648, 1 Raghavan, D. et al 2006, ApJ, 646, 1 Rasio, F. A. & Ford, E. B. 1996, Science, 274 Rice, W. K. M. et al 2008, MNRAS, 384, 3 Rivera, E. J. et al 2010, ApJ, 708, 2 Robinson, S. E. et al 2007, ApJ, 670, 2 Rodigas, T. J. & Hinz, P. M. 2009, ApJ, 702, 1 Roell, T. et al 2012, A&A, 542 Santos, N. C. et al 2010, A&A, 511, 54 Schlaufman, K. C. & Winn, J. N. 2013, ApJ, 772, 2 Segransan, D. et al 2011, A&A, 535 Shen, Y. & Turner, E. L. 2008, ApJ, 685, 1 Spalding, C. & Batygin, K. 2014, ApJ, 790, 1 Steffen, J. H. et al 2012, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 109, 21 Storch, N. I. et al 2014, Science, 345, 6202 Takeda, G. et al 2007, ApJS, 168, 2 Tanaka, H., Takeuchi, T., & Ward, W. R. 2002, ApJ, 565, 1257 Torres, G. 1999, PASP, 111, 169 Torres, G. et al 2008, ApJ, 677, 2 Udry, S. et al 2002, A&A, 390 Valenti, J. A. & Fischer, D. A. 2005, ApJ, 159, 1 Valenti, J. A. et al 2009, 702, 2 Valenti, J. A. et al 1995, PASP, 107 Vogt, S. S. et al 2005, ApJ, 632, 1 Vogt, S. et al 2000, ApJ, 536, 2 Vogt, S. et al 2002, A[J, 568, 1 Vogt, S. S. et al 1994, Proc. SPIE, 2198, 362 Wang, X. et al 2012, ApJ, 761, 1 Winn, J. N., Fabrycky, D., Albrecht, S., & Johnson, J. A. 2010a, ApJL, 718, L145 Wittenmyer, R. A. et al 2009, ApJS, 182, 1 Wright, J. T. et al. 2011, PASP, 123, 41 Wright, J. T. et al 2007, ApJ, 657, 1 Wright, J. et al 2004, ApJS, 152, 261 Wright, J. T. et al 2008, ApJ, 683, 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dawson, R. I., & Johnson, J. A. (2018) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081817-051853 · Cited by 622 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Bryan, M. L., Knutson, H. A., Howard, A. W., Ngo, H., Batygin, K., Crepp, J. R., Fulton, B. J., Hinkley, S., Isaacson, H., Johnson, J. A., Marcy, G. W., & Wright, J. T.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
- University of Notre Dame (US)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2016-04-14
- Volume
- 821
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 89
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2258361645
- Cited by
- 190
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 16
- FWCI
- 12.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/M00127X/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astro and Planetary Science
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
- Keywords
- long-period planets, gas giant planets, exoplanet occurrence rates, adaptive optics imaging, semi-major axis distribution, planet eccentricity, planet-planet interactions, multi-planet systems
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
