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Qu'est-ce que l'addiction ?
Open accessAbstract
DEFINITION ET ETYMOLOGIE DU CONCEPT D'ADDICTIONL'addictologie est l'étude des addictions, c'est-à-dire du rapport pathologique qu'un sujet entretient avec une substance ou un comportement.Cette nouvelle discipline vise à appréhender dans un cadre commun les psychopathologies entraînant un rapport d'abus ou de dépendance.L'addiction se rapporte autant à l'usage de produits qu'à des conduites répétitives (comme le jeu pathologique ou l'anorexie mentale).Elle est une caractéristique comportementale qui se reconnaît à une envie constante et irrépressible, en dépit de la motivation et des efforts du sujet pour y échapper.Le sujet se livre à des conduites dites « addictives », et ceci souvent malgré la conscience aiguë des risques d'abus et de dépendance.Le terme d'addiction, qui s'est progressivement substitué à celui de toxicomanies, est d'étymologie latine, ad-dicere « dire à », et exprime une appartenance en terme d'esclavage.Etre addicté était ainsi, au Moyen-âge, une ordonnance d'un tribunal obligeant le débiteur, qui ne pouvait rembourser sa dette autrement, à payer son créancier par son travail.Par la suite, dans la langue anglaise dès le XIV ème siècle, le terme addiction a pu désigner la relation contractuelle de soumission d'un apprenti à son maître, puis se rapprocher peu à peu du sens moderne, en désignant des passions nourries et moralement répréhensibles.Toujours en langue anglaise, le mot addiction est totalement intégré dans le langage populaire pour désigner toutes les passions dévorantes et les dépendances (c'est un sex addict a-t-on dit de Bill Clinton du temps de l'affaire Monika Lewinski), dans le cadre de la culture puritaine américaine qui prône la lutte contre de telles passions rattachées à la recherche effrénée du plaisir.Actuellement la teneur ambiguë du terme tend à disparaître au profit d'un emploi essentiellement scientifique qui lui accorde une définition précise et opérationnelle.
Overview
CoChat Summary
TL;DR
This French-language conceptual review argues that addiction (addictologie) should be understood as a unified field covering both psychoactive substance use and behavioral addictions, defined by a common loss of control over a repeated behavior rather than by the substance itself. It synthesizes definitional, neurobiological, environmental, and psychoanalytic perspectives on vulnerability, onset, and maintenance of addictive disorders.
Key findings
- Addiction is framed as a continuum from simple use through at-risk use and abuse (usage nocif) to dependence, with dependence defined by loss of freedom to abstain and by compulsion and craving rather than by physical dependence alone; the authors call the separation of physical and psychological dependence "totally artificial."
- Addictive behaviors share a standardized process (anxiety of emptiness, imperative need, stratagem, inability to stop, acting out, temporary anxiolysis followed by dysphoria) and common vulnerability factors across three interacting domains: the individual, the socio-cultural environment, and the object of dependence (Olivenstein's formula).
- Cross-addiction data are cited: among subjects in treatment for alcohol and/or drug dependence, 9–14% were pathological gamblers (about ten times the general population rate, per Lesieur and Blume 1993); conversely, studies of treatment-seeking pathological gamblers found roughly 50% with alcohol or drug abuse or dependence.
- Most addictive behaviors emerge in a sensitive period between ages 14 and 18, even when the pathological dimension appears much later; the authors link this to pre-existing narcissistic fragility revealed by adolescence.
Methods
Not stated in the paper (no empirical design, sample, or analysis is described). The text is a narrative conceptual review organized around definition/etymology, a global-concept rationale, the use–abuse–dependence continuum, risk factors (individual, environmental, substance-related), and psychoanalytic explanatory models, with three diagnostic-criteria annexes (Goodman 1990; DSM-IV abuse and dependence criteria, APA 1994).
Limitations
The paper states no limitations. Evident from the text: it is a non-systematic narrative review with no stated search strategy, inclusion criteria, or empirical data of its own; the epidemiological figures are cited secondhand from other authors (Lesieur and Blume 1993) without methodological detail; and the psychoanalytic explanatory model is presented as one interpretive framework among several rather than as an empirically tested account.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
0 Valid · 6 Not valid · 10 Not checked · 57 Own results and interpretations
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Plus encore que le choix de l'objet addictif, c'est la répétition du comportement du sujet vis-à-vis de l'objet qui importe.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“L'existence de points communs entre les différentes dépendances fait que les sujets peuvent passer d'un objet d'addiction à un autre au cours de leur vie, avec parfois une sorte d'auto-substitution d'un produit par un autre.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“L'émergence d'une conduite addictive se situe à l'interaction de trois facteurs : l'individu, son environnement socio-culturel et l'objet de la dépendance (comportement ou substance psycho-active).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Olivenstein
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Cet usage primaire de substance se trouve surreprésenté dans certaines personnalités décrites dans le DSM-IV (antisociale, borderline, obsessionnelle, dépendante, narcissique…).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites DSM-IV
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Zuckerman, dans les années 60, a établi un lien entre l'activation psychique et la recherche de sensations.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Zuckerman
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
11 more claims
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 54
- It may state two separate claims as one. 17
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ DEFINITION ET ETYMOLOGIE DU CONCEPT D'ADDICTION · p. 3
“L'addictologie est l'étude des addictions, c'est-à-dire du rapport pathologique qu'un sujet entretient avec une substance ou un comportement.”
§ USAGE, ABUS, DEPENDANCE, QUELLES LIMITES ? · p. 5
“Le terme d'addiction recouvre un continuum de comportements de consommation, du plus anodin au plus pathologique, du simple usage à la dépendance, en passant par l'usage à risque et l'abus (ou usage nocif).”
Citations
Cited by
Contributors’ Withdrawal from Online Collaborative Communities: The Case of OpenStreetMap
Bégin, D., Devillers, R., & Roche, S. (2017) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi:10.3390/ijgi6110340 · Cited by 13
Usages et bon usage des benzodiazépines anxiolytiques et hypnotiques
Bonnay, M., Soeiro, T., Mégard, R., Micallef, J., Rolland, B., & Chappuy, M. (2021) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2021.08.009 · Cited by 10
Anorexie mentale : anomalies des paramètres hématologiques et biochimiques
Lemille, J., Bras, M. L., Fauconnier, M., & Grall‐Bronnec, M. (2021) · La Revue de Médecine Interne · doi:10.1016/j.revmed.2020.12.010 · Cited by 5
Self-citationAlexithymia, impulsivity and sensation seeking in Buprenorphine addiction: A comparative study
Meziou, O., Ghali, F., Khelifa, E., Maamri, A., Saadi, S. B., Mrizak, J., & Zalila, H. (2018) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.1080/14659891.2018.1523961 · Cited by 3
Kern, L., Carrer, M., Marsollier, É., Claire, G.-L., & Bernier, M. (2020) · La Presse Médicale Formation · doi:10.1016/j.lpmfor.2020.10.018 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Rozaire, C., Guillou Landreat, M., Grall-Bronnec, M., Rocher, B., & Vénisse, J.-L.
- Affiliations
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes (FR)
- Venue
- Archives de politique criminelle
- Publisher
- CAIRN.INFO
- Published
- 2010-05-05
- Volume
- n° 31
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 9-23
- ISSN
- 0242-5637 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1568207789
- Semantic Scholar
- 57c4077dd5454a2b021348d7d750285323e3097b
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- fr
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives de politique criminelle (publishedVersion)
- Cairn.info (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Keywords
- addiction, addictology, substance dependence, addictive behavior, gambling addiction, anorexia nervosa, definition of addiction
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How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Qu'est-ce que l'addiction ? https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3917/apc.031.0009
- The paper
- Rozaire, C., Guillou Landreat, M., Grall-Bronnec, M., Rocher, B., & Vénisse, J.-L. (2010). Qu'est-ce que l'addiction ? Archives de politique criminelle. https://doi.org/10.3917/apc.031.0009
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
