The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 32 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Déplacement, développement et modernité en Colombie du Pacifique
Open accessAbstract
Résumé La présente étude se penche sur l’expérience des Afro-Colombiens déplacés, en particulier sur leur expulsion massive hors de leurs communautés d’origine du Pacifique depuis la fin des années 1990. Cette région a connu des changements sans précédent du fait de plusieurs processus liés entre eux : l’accélération du développement et de l’extraction des ressources naturelles après 1980, l’éveil de mouvements sociaux importants après que la Constitution nationale de 1991 a accordé aux minorités ethniques des droits culturels et territoriaux, et l’extension du conflit armé avec le régime de terreur et de déplacements qui l’accompagne. La thèse de l’auteur est que l’on ne peut expliquer ce qui se passe en Colombie du Pacifique que si l’on procède à un examen critique du développement et de la modernité en tant que processus qui, fondamentalement, créent des déplacements. Comme il apparaît ici, l’écart entre les facteurs de déplacement propres à la modernité et les mécanismes censés y remédier ne fait qu’augmenter. D’où la nécessité de politiques nouvelles qui s’appuient sur la capacité des communautés locales à résister sur place et à reconstruire des modernités différentes qui leur soient propres. La présente étude analyse le modèle de prévention des déplacements mis en place par des organisations locales du mouvement noir.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Escobar argues that forced displacement in Colombia's Pacific region is not an aberration of development but an integral expression of Eurocentric modernity and its post-1945 form, development — both being spatio-cultural projects requiring the ongoing conquest and cultural submission of territories and populations. The paper uses the Afro-Colombian and indigenous movements of the Pacific as a case to show how displaced communities are proposing alternative, place-based conceptions of return and "different modernities."
Key findings
- Colombia's Pacific region (900 km long, 50–180 km wide) has nearly 1 million inhabitants, 90% Afro-Colombian, with 50,000 belonging to indigenous groups (Emberas and Wounans the largest); it is the country's poorest region by conventional indicators yet one of the world's most biodiverse.
- Displacement escalated sharply after 1996: 181,000 (1996), 257,000 (1997), 308,200 (1998), 288,000 (1999), 317,000 (2000); an estimated 2,200,000 people displaced since 1985. In the first three months of 2001 alone, 44,500 were displaced; the daily average rose from 352 in 2000 to 495 in the first quarter of 2001.
- The UN Thematic Group on Displacement reported that in 2000, 57–63% of recent displacement was attributable to paramilitary groups (AUC), 12–13% to guerrillas, the rest mainly to unknown groups and state forces. An estimated 38% of displaced persons belong to ethnic minorities, with an 80% increase in the first quarter of 2001 relative to 2000.
- Black organizations attribute displacement to macro-development projects (e.g., an interoceanic canal project; oil palm expansion of more than 20,000 hectares in the Tumaco region), the armed conflict itself, natural resource wealth (gold, timber, tourism), and illicit crops — displacement being selective and planned rather than random, concentrated in areas earmarked for macro-development.
Methods
- Ethnographic fieldwork in the Colombian Pacific since 1993, combined with interviews with PCN leaders Carlos Rosero and Libia Grueso (Bogotá, October 2001) and documents provided by AFRODES; the paper also draws on the Sebastião Salgado *Exodos* exhibition catalogue.
- Quantitative displacement figures are compiled from secondary sources: CODHES, RSS (Red de Solidaridad Social), ILSA, the UN Thematic Group (GTD), and Equipo Nizkor.
- Theoretical analysis frames the case through modernity/coloniality literature (Mignolo, Quijano, Dussel), Polanyi, Giddens, Virilio, Casey, and Arce and Long's concept of "counter-work" / counter-tendencies to development.
Limitations
- The paper states there is still no reliable census of ethnic minorities within displaced populations, so their proportion is inferred from overall distribution; the Afro-Colombian share of the national population is given as a wide range (10–26% depending on criteria).
- The author notes that the triple classification of distribution conflicts (economic, ecological, cultural) can only be addressed "in passing" here.
- Evident from the text: the displacement statistics come from multiple NGO, state, and UN sources with differing methodologies, and the causal attribution of displacement to specific armed actors rests on reports rather than the author's own measurement.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
50 Own interpretation · 17 Sources not found · 11 No basis given · 5 Not checked yet · 2 Partly supported · 1 Own method · 1 Own result · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Mais les femmes réinstallées dans des cadres urbains en retirent souvent plus d'avantages que les hommes puisqu'elles ont plus de chances de trouver un emploi (par exemple, comme employées domestiques ou marchandes des rues) (voir Meertens, 2000 ; Grueso et Arroyo, 2002).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Meertens, 2000 source
In “Los estragos del terror y del desarraigo: el tejido deshilachado” (p. 8), the paper says displaced women find work more easily than men in the urban setting, including street vending and domestic service. The Conclusions (p. 11) also describe advantages women draw from their domestic-work experience while acknowledging the hardship of displacement. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not matchedcites Grueso et Arroyo, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Outre qu'elles sont victimes de la discrimination ethnique, les femmes noires font l'objet d'une discrimination sexiste qui peut aller jusqu'à la violence sexuelle.”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Meertens, 2000 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Los estragos del terror y del desarraigo: el tejido deshilachado” (p. 6), the paper says young women may be threatened or raped on suspicion of association with an armed group. This supports the possibility of sexual violence against displaced women, but the passage does not identify them as Black women or establish the claim about ethnic discrimination. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not matchedcites Grueso et Arroyo, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
In the paper
“Depuis 1993, le PCN privilégie quatre principes organisateurs : le droit à l'identité, au territoire, à une certaine autonomie et à une conception propre du développement (Grueso, Rosero et Escobar, 1998).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Grueso, Rosero et Escobar, 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Il est clair que les revendications des droits ethniques et territoriaux et les mouvements qui se sont développés dans les années 1990 ont amené les communautés sur la trajectoire de la violence armée.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Les mesures que la modernité a adoptées pour faire face à une délocalisation de plus en plus généralisée ont eu des formes multiples”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“La dégradation de la solidarité suscite donc souvent chez les femmes un sentiment de perte plus grand que chez les hommes.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Meertens, 2000 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Not matchedcites Grueso et Arroyo, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not checked yet
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“L'écart entre ces deux logiques nécessairement complémentaires de la modernité s'accroît.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Depuis 1996 environ, avec une nette augmentation après 1998, la région a connu des déplacements massifs de populations dus à la présence, dans de nombreux endroits, de groupes armés -guérilléros gauchistes et unités paramilitaires de droite.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Le « refuge de paix » interne qu'était la région est donc devenu un nouveau champ de bataille dans un pays qui en compte déjà beaucoup (Wouters, 2001).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wouters, 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ce que l'on soutient ici c'est que le déplacement fait partie intégrante de la modernité eurocentrique et de la manifestation qu'elle a prise après la Seconde Guerre mondiale en Asie, en Afrique, en Amérique latine, à savoir : le développement.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 49
- It may state two separate claims as one. 35
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Depuis le déplacement des populations autochtones et africaines à la suite de la conquête et de la colonisation du Nouveau Monde, jusqu'aux vagues de déplacements massifs de paysans, d'ouvriers et de pauvres du monde entier lors de phases plus tardives de la modernité, les tendances au déplacement ont connu des alternatives d'augmentation et de diminution.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Les participants à cette rencontre ont aussi adopté un ensemble de principes directeurs pour des politiques nouvelles, qui se présente comme suit :”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En octobre 2000, la Première rencontre nationale des Afro-Colombiens déplacés (Primer Encuentro Nacional de Afrocolombianos Desplazados) a appelé à créer une commission nationale chargée d'appliquer un plan d'action pour les Afro-Colombiens déplacés et à revoir la politique des pouvoirs publics et les mécanismes juridiques.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Par exemple, la répartition spatiale des Noirs et populations autochtones en Colombie était claire.Ces groupes ont essayé, non sans quelque succès, de s'installer dans certains lieux comme sur le littoral du Pacifique.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On retrouve ce mépris de la localité particulière dans toutes les sciences sociales et humaines même si, comme le soutiennent avec passion certains phénoménologues, c'est notre immersion inévitable en un lieu qui prime, ontologiquement parlant, dans l'engendrement de la vie.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Plus récemment, Virilio (1977, 1995) a analysé la rationalité du déplacement inhérente au capitalisme de haute technicité qui s'appuie sur des technologies de l'information et de la communication fonctionnant à la vitesse de la lumière.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Virilio (1977, 1995)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Il serait peut-être plus juste de parler de « personnes en un lieu » et de « personnes en réseaux » étant donné qu'aucun lieu n'est fixé à un territoire et que tous les lieux sont reliés entre eux par des réseaux de natures multiples.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“On estime que 38 % des personnes déplacées appartiennent à des minorités ethniques, avec une augmentation de 80 % lors du premier trimestre 2001 par rapport à 2000 2 .”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Les déplacements massifs que l'on observe de nos jours dans le monde entier (qu'ils soient relativement bénévoles ou forcés) sont l'aboutissement des processus culturels, sociaux et économiques qui ont permis de consolider la modernité capitaliste.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Les déplacements ont modifié les modes caractéristiques d'immigration et d'émigration propres à la Colombie du Pacifique depuis les années 1950 et 1960, de sorte qu'il est difficile, voire impossible, aux gens de rejoindre le seg-ment de fleuve dont ils sont originaires ; d'où, en fin de compte, une modification de l'utilisation des sols, des systèmes de production traditionnels, de la répartition”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La modernité comme le développement sont l'un et l'autre des projets spatio-culturels qui exigent une conquête incessante de territoires et de populations ainsi que leur soumission écologique et culturelle aux impératifs d'un ordre rationnel et logocentrique 1 .”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Bien qu'il n'y ait encore aucun recensement digne de foi sur les minorités ethniques au sein des populations déplacées, leur taux est très élevé si l'on considère leur répartition (c'est encore plus vrai des groupes autochtones).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“L'aide alimentaire est décisive dans la situation d'urgence que suscitent les déplacements proprement dits, mais même elle est insuffisante, ainsi qu'il ressort du rapport 2001 du Programme alimentaire mondial.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Programme alimentaire mondial
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Par modernité, j'entends une forme particulière d'organisation sociale qui est apparue avec la conquête de l'Amérique et qui s'est d'abord cristallisée en Europe occidentale du Nord au XVIII e siècle.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Il s'agit d'un processus planifié, pas de quelque chose de spontané ou d'une simple conséquence de la guerre civile.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dans une perspective anthropologique, il n'est pas sans importance d'insister sur ce qu'ont d'implanté toutes les pratiques culturelles, la culture étant transportée en des lieux par des corps.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cela reste une question importante, liée à l'intensification actuelle de la modernité capitaliste sous l'effet de la mondialisation néolibérale, dans des conditions d'une accumulation désormais toujours plus marquée et d'une résistance culturelle et écologique croissante.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Bref, si la modernité a créé le déplacement, les institutions de développement modernes ordinaires ne semblent pas capables (ni, d'une certaine manière, désireuses) d'apporter des solutions efficaces, au moins si l'on considère la situation désastreuse qui est celle de la Colombie.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La terreur et les déplacements ont pour but d'empêcher la réalisation des projets des communautés, de briser la résistance de celles-ci, voire de les anéantir ; le recours de plus en plus fréquent aux armes facilite la chose.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ce sont précisément cette logique et ces mécanismes de re(m)placement qui paraissent s'enrayer, et c'est la logique du déplacement qui semble gagner du terrain.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Les systèmes de production traditionnels reposent aussi sur la diversité et sont donc mieux adaptés à la conservation et à la durabilité, de même qu'ils sont orientés vers la subsistance plutôt que vers l'accumulation.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“De nos jours, aucun groupe social n'est strictement local, même si les pratiques ancrées localement restent importantes dans la politique de nombreux groupes subalternes et féminins 5 .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Selon les estimations, 2 200 000 personnes ont été déplacées depuis 1985, ce qui constitue l'une des situations les pires du monde, et peut-être la pire, ainsi que l'a reconnu le représentant du Secrétaire général de l'ONU chargé de la question des personnes déplacées à l'intérieur de leur propre pays.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“par sa nature même, la modernité capitaliste dé-place (littéralement : change de place, parfois physiquement, mais toujours en tout cas culturellement) ; elle cherche également à re(m)placer (replace) grâce aux mécanismes évoqués ci-dessus.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Or, ce projet n'est pas conforme aux intérêts ni à la réalité des communautés noires et autochtones.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Par exemple, les déplacements les plus importants ont eu lieu dans les zones réservées à des projets de macro-développement.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Les initiatives officielles pour faire face aux déplacements de population sont le plus souvent fragiles, éphémères et mal conçues.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“L'arrivée de ces derniers dans le Chocó après 1996 (par exemple à Bajo Atrato, voir Wouters, 2001) et, au Sud, dans les zones rurales autour d'agglomérations comme Buenaventura et Tumaco après 1999, a entraîné une accélération des affrontements armés et un déchaînement de terreur et de violence contre les populations civiles.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wouters, 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Selon un mode plus neutre, Giddens (1990) a vu dans ce processus la quintessence de la modernité, à savoir le fait que les relations avec les absents deviennent de plus en plus importantes, le lieu et l'espace étant fractionnés et la vie sociale étant arrachée au contexte local et soumise à des systèmes experts translocaux.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Giddens (1990)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Généralement parlant, c'est donc la délocalisation qui accompagne la modernité capitaliste et qui entraîne ce déplacement incessant qui a atteint des proportions de raz-de-marée.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Virilio (1977)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Les déplacements massifs et l'appauvrissement que nous constatons aujourd'hui sont créés par la modernité capitaliste en même temps qu'ils la restreignent dans la mesure où ses propres outils ne semblent plus suffire à la tâche.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Les localités sont bien sûr l'aboutissement de pratiques historiques.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“En 2000, on comptait en moyenne 352 personnes déplacées par jour, chiffre qui a brutalement augmenté à 495 par jour pendant le premier trimestre 2001.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites RSS
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites CODHES
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Si les secours d'urgence se sont améliorés (ils sont en majeure partie fournis par le RSS, des institutions catholiques, des organismes multilatéraux et des ONG financées par l'Union européenne, ainsi que par l'Institut colombien de protection de la famille), les services d'aide après l'urgence et d'action préventive n'existent pratiquement pas.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Les efforts logocentriques pour les neutraliser ont également beaucoup oscillé : depuis les concessions faites aux paysans et aux classes ouvrières jusqu'aux projets de réinstallation dans les situations contemporaines où la conquête de territoires a été plus littérale, comme dans le cas de projets de développement.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En d'autres termes, le projet dominant vise à réorganiser le territoire et la population ; il est de ce fait d'autant plus difficile, voire impossible, de penser à l'autonomie dans le cadre de l'Étatnation.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Les droits ethniques qui avaient été octroyés à ces groupes avec la Constitution de 1991 et le processus d'organisation des années 1990 se sont donc heurtés à une violence brutale, dont une caractéristique permanente est la suppression des différences ethniques et culturelles.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On constate alors que l'écart entre les facteurs de déplacement propres à la modernité et les mécanismes censés y remédier ne fait qu'augmenter.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Il faut reconnaître à Marx le mérite d'avoir énoncé une première théorie du déplacement en relation avec l'histoire de la modernité capitaliste ; sa théorie de l'accumulation primitive comme cause de l'expropriation massive des populations campagnardes a été un des premiers écrits sur le déplacement massif.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Marx
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Comme Polanyi (1983) l'a dit, les Européens sont entrés dans la modernité par la porte du paupérisme.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Polanyi (1983)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dans la région du Pacifique, il y a donc une relation nette de cause à effet entre conflit armé et déplacement, les groupes paramilitaires mais aussi les guérilléros appliquant des stratégies de terreur, massacrant les populations et les déplaçant pour avoir la haute main sur des territoires riches en biodiversité et en ressources naturelles et sur les grands projets de développement.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Bref, nous sommes gens d'un lieu.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Massacres et déplacements massifs sont devenus choses quotidiennes à mesure que s'intensifient les luttes pour s'emparer des richesses de la région.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Le Groupe thématique de l'ONU chargé des personnes déplacées (GTD) a signalé qu'en 2000 entre 57 % et 63 % des récents déplacements de populations étaient dus aux groupes paramilitaires (AUC), de 12 à 13 % aux guérilléros et le reste essentiellement à des groupes inconnus et aux forces de l'ordre.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites GTD
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Comme le dit le philosophe Edward Casey (1997), vivre, c'est vivre localement, et savoir c'est avant tout savoir où l'on est.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Casey (1997)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La modernité doit donc toujours être comprise comme un double processus de modernité et de colonialité, de création d'une différence coloniale et de modernités coloniales, de mainmise simultanée sur la main-d'œuvre et sur la culture.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La conquête et le colonialisme ont ouvert le continent américain à un modèle européen local qui s'efforce maintenant de déboucher sur un dessein universel.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La réponse est que leur réaction sera, au mieux, très éphémère.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ces notes reposent sur des travaux ethnographiques menés en Colombie du Pacifique depuis 1993.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Les modernités coloniales ont amené à produire des ordres spatio-culturels de différence coloniale -cette même différence qui semble aujourd'hui s'affirmer de façon positive et avec une vigueur perceptible contre les appareils du déplacement, comme dans le cas des mouvements noirs et autochtones du Pacifique.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Les liens entre la présence des guérilléros, des groupes paramilitaires et de l'armée (en particulier ces deux derniers) ont été montrés à plusieurs reprises dans des rapports d'Americas Watch et de l'ONU.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Americas Watch
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites ONU
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Pour ces théoriciens, on ne saurait comprendre la modernité si l'on ne tient pas compte de la « différence coloniale » ou de la « colonialité du pouvoir » qui en a été l'incontournable substrat.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mignolo, 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Quijano, 2000 source
- Not matchedcites Dussel, 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Au cœur de la modernité/colonialité il y a donc un refus de l'altérité qui s'est manifesté comme projet local de la modernité européenne, s'est universalisé par l'hégémonie et a abouti à une conception universelle étendue aux périphéries.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Le concept de travail d'opposition (counter-work) élaboré parArce et Long (2000) suppose des niveaux multiples : passage, par un traitement phénoménologique collectif, des interventions du développement et de la modernité dans un contexte culturel local commun, réinsertion des formes modernes dans des représentations locales de la vie sociale et, de façon générale, processus endogène et permanent”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Arce et Long (2000)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“et les conflits de distribution culturelle, qui n'ont pas encore été théorisés (mais qui font l'objet d'études culturelles ou relèvent de l'écologie politique)”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dès le départ, ce dessein avait une logique territoriale et culturelle.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Coloniser voulait dire peupler un territoire ; cela entraînait un dé-placement et un re(m)placement (dans certains cas une élimination) de certains groupes (Indiens et Africains).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“D'une certaine façon, les projets de réinstallation et les camps de réfugiés ne sont que la partie visible d'un phénomène beaucoup plus complexe ; en fait, ce pourraient être des projets pilotes anticipant les crises des déplacements de population de l'avenir.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Ces derniers conflits sensibilisent à la nécessité d'une interculturalité effective, définie comme dialogue et transformation mutuelle (ou « interfécondation » pour reprendre un terme de Panikkar, 1999) des cultures dans des contextes de pouvoir.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Panikkar, 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Le colonialisme était synonyme de mainmise non seulement sur les ressources et la main-d'œuvre mais aussi sur les cultures et le savoir des subalternes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cette conceptualisation débouche sur de nouvelles façons de penser le développement.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Le fait d'avoir d'emblée exclu ces populations de la représentation a contribué à les dé-placer/re(m)placer de diverses manières pendant tout le XIX e et le XX e siècle.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ces concepts manifestent le double projet d'emprise culturelle et économique sur des groupes subalternes et sur le savoir subalterne qui est allé de pair avec l'implantation de la modernité en Amérique latine, depuis l'indépendance jusqu'à aujourd'hui.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Les projets de développement et la modernité capitaliste vont à coup sûr se poursuivre.
“Mais les projets de développement et la modernité capitaliste vont à coup sûr se poursuivre.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Toutes les principales formes de déplacement se situent dans la période historique et la configuration culturelle de la modernité capitaliste.
“Dans la mesure où elles se situent toutes dans la période historique et la configuration culturelle connues sous le nom de « modernité capitaliste »”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Conflit, développement et déplacement en Colombie du Pacifique
“317 000 en 2000”
§ Conflit, développement et déplacement en Colombie du Pacifique
“En 2000, on comptait en moyenne 352 personnes déplacées par jour”
Citations
Cites
Coloniality of Power and Eurocentrism in Latin America
Quijano, A. (2000) · International Sociology · doi:10.1177/0268580900015002005 · Cited by 3,190
Culture sits in places: reflections on globalism and subaltern strategies of localization
Escobar, A. (2001) · Political Geography · doi:10.1016/s0962-6298(00)00064-0 · Cited by 1,669
Self-citationEl futuro nostálgico: desplazamiento, terror y género
Meertens, D. (2000) · Revista Colombiana de Antropología · doi:10.22380/2539472x.1300 · Cited by 30
Women and the Defence of Place in Colombian Black Movement Struggles
Grueso, L., & Arroyo, L. A. (2002) · Development · doi:10.1057/palgrave.development.1110319 · Cited by 21
The Process of Black Community Organizing in the Southern Pacific Coast Region of Colombia
Grueso, L., Rosero, C., & Escobar, A. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429501135-10 · Cited by 20
Self-citationAlier, J. M. (2002) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781840649093.00014 · Cited by 8
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Arce, A. ; Long, N. (dir. publ.) 2000. Anthropology, Development and Modernities, Londres, Routledge.
- Casey, E. 1997. The Fate of Place, Berkeley, ca, University of California Press.
- Dussel, E. 1996. The Underside of Modernity, Atlantic Highlands, nj, Humanities Press.
- Giddens, A. 1990. The Consequences of Modernity, Stanford CA, Stanford University Press, [trad. fr. Les conséquences de la modernité, Paris, L’Harmattan, 1994].
- Mignolo, W. 1999. Local Histories, Global Designs, Princeton, nj, Princeton University Press.
- Rojas, C. 2002. Civilisation and Violence, Minneapolis, mn, University of Minnesota Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Introduction : Défendre le territoire
Laugrand, F. B. (2011) · Recherches amérindiennes au Québec · doi:10.7202/1021609ar · Cited by 7
Le deuil des corps disparus dans la communauté afro-colombienne au Nord Chocó
Grandas, A. M. C. (2020) · L Autre · doi:10.3917/lautr.062.0204 · Cited by 1
Allain, M. (2016) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/f3cabe93za1baz47faza5a6zdfa07dc845ab · Cited by 1
Bibliographie thématique sur les relocalisations
Renaud, M.-P. (2011) · Recherches amérindiennes au Québec · doi:10.7202/1021622ar
Clases, grupos e individuos en Colombia
Benítez, M. L. (2022) · Editorial Universidad del Valle eBooks · doi:10.25100/peu.732
Metadata
- Authors
- Escobar, A.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Escobar, Arturo
- ORCID
- Escobar, Arturo
- Venue
- Revue Internationale Des Sciences Sociales
- Publisher
- CAIRN
- Published
- 2003-03-01
- Volume
- n° 175
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 171-182
- ISSN
- 0304-3037 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2010187757
- Cited by
- 5
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2022: 2 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- fr
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Revue internationale des sciences sociales (publishedVersion)
- Cairn.info (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Conflict, Peace, and Violence in Colombia
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Afro-Latin American Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Extractivism and Socioeconomic Issues
- Keywords
- forced displacement, Afro-Colombians, Pacific Colombia, displacement prevention, Black movement, ethnic minorities, territorial rights, resource extraction, armed conflict, social movements, local resistance, alternative modernity, Colombian Constitution of 1991
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
