Eating patterns and type 2 diabetes risk in men: Breakfast omission, eating frequency, and snacking
Open accessAbstract
Background Little is known about the association between eating patterns and type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk. Objective The objective of this study was to prospectively examine associations between breakfast omission, eating frequency, snacking, and T2D risk in men. Design Eating patterns were assessed in 1992 in a cohort of 29,206 US men in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study who were free of T2D, cardiovascular disease, and cancer and were followed for 16 y. We used Cox proportional hazards analysis to evaluate associations with incident T2D. Results We documented 1944 T2D cases during follow-up. After adjustment for known risk factors for T2D, including BMI, men who skipped breakfast had 21% higher risk of T2D than did men who consumed breakfast (RR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.35). Compared with men who ate 3 times/d, men who ate 1-2 times/d had a higher risk of T2D (RR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.45). These findings persisted after stratification by BMI or diet quality. Additional snacks beyond the 3 main meals (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) were associated with increased T2D risk, but these associations were attenuated after adjustment for BMI. Conclusions Breakfast omission was associated with an increased risk of T2D in men even after adjustment for BMI. A direct association between snacking between meals and T2D risk was mediated by BMI.
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In a 16-year follow up cohort, men who skipped breakfast had higher risk for developing IR and T2DM.
“In a 16-year follow up cohort, men who skipped breakfast had higher risk for developing IR and T2DM [278].”
From Effects of diet, lifestyle, Chrononutrition and alternative dietary interventions on postprandial Glycemia and insulin resistance (2022) · cites this paper as [278]
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References 56 · Cited by 325
Research works printed but not linked: 3
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- Authors
- Mekary, R. A., Giovannucci, E., Willett, W. C., van Dam, R. M., & Hu, F. B.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hu, Frank B
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-05
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1182-1189
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3325839
- OpenAlex
- W2164628282
- Cited by
- 325
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 13.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (DK46200, DK58845, CA55075)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA095589, CA95589, CA-55075)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK058845, P30DK046200, P30 DK-46200, DK58845)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, dietary habits, breakfast skipping, meal frequency, snacking, men, body mass index, diet quality, Health Professionals Follow-up Study
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Body Weight, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Eating, Feeding Behavior, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Nutrition Assessment, Body Mass Index, Proportional Hazards Models, Glycemic Index
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