High-fructose corn syrup: is this what's for dinner?
Open accessAbstract
Background Research on trends in consumption of added sugar and high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) in the United States has largely focused on calorically sweetened beverages and ignored other sources.Objective We aimed to examine US consumption of added sugar and HFCS to determine long-term trends in availability and intake from beverages and foods.Design We used 2 estimation techniques and data from the Nationwide Food Consumption Surveys (1965 and 1977), Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (1989-1991), and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (1999-2000, 2001-2002, and 2003-2004) to examine trends in HFCS and added sugar both overall and within certain food and beverage groups.Results Availability and consumption of HFCS and added sugar increased over time until a slight decline between 2000 and 2004. By 2004, HFCS provided roughly 8% of total energy intake compared with total added sugar of 377 kcal x person(-1) x d(-1), accounting for 17% of total energy intake. Although food and beverage trends were similar, soft drinks and fruit drinks provided the most HFCS (158 and 40 kcal x person(-1) x d(-1) in 2004, respectively). Moreover, among the top 20% of individuals, 896 kcal x person(-1) x d(-1) of added sugar was consumed compared with 505 kcal x person(-1) x d(-1) of HFCS. Among consumers, sweetened tea and desserts also represented major contributors of calories from added sugar (>100 kcal x person(-1) x d(-1)).Conclusion Although increased intake of calories from HFCS is important to examine, the health effect of overall trends in added caloric sweeteners should not be overlooked.
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In the 1985 to 2005 period extensive added sugar intake occurred across HIC, but more recently large increases have occurred in LMIC, particularly in consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and processed foods.
“In the 1985 to 2005 period extensive added sugar intake occurred across HIC (55) but more recently large increases have occurred in LMIC, particularly in consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and processed foods (56–59).”
From Food Consumption and its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease: Importance of Solutions Focused on the Globalized Food System (2015) · cites this paper as [55]
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References 45 · Cited by 163
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [17]Bray GA Nielsen SJ Popkin B High fructose corn sweeteners and the epidemic of obesity Am J Clin Nutr 2002 79 537 543 15051594
- [43]Popkin B Nielsen S The Sweetening of the World's Diet Obesity Research 2003 11 1325 1332 14627752
- Authors
- Duffey, K. J., & Popkin, B. M.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Popkin, Barry M
- ORCID
- Popkin, Barry M
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-12
- Volume
- 88
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1722S-1732S
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2746720
- OpenAlex
- W2161102718
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 8.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Minnesota
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA012162)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA121152, R01CA109831)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK056350)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P30ES010126)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K01HD044263)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economics of Agriculture and Food Markets
- Keywords
- high fructose corn syrup, added sugars, caloric sweeteners, soft drinks, fruit beverages, desserts, energy intake, sugar availability, dietary intake
- MeSH terms
- Beverages, Energy Intake, Diet, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Feeding Behavior, Food Analysis, Food Supply, Fructose, Humans, Nutrition Surveys, Obesity, Sweetening Agents, United States, Dietary Sucrose
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