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Why Do Subsistence-Level People Join the Market Economy? Testing Hypotheses of Push and Pull Determinants in Bolivian Amazonia
Abstract
Why would subsistence-level indigenous people join the market economy? The question matters because, in answering it, one contributes to a venerable debate about the effects of markets on well-being. Anthropologists have generally treated market participation as exogenous. Market participation is in fact endogenous if it reflects choice. We review hypotheses of determinants that push or pull people to the market, including resource scarcity from population pressure and encroachment, desire to increase level of and reduce variability in food consumption, and the allure of foreign goods. To test the hypotheses we use different series of panel data from Tsimane' Amerindians, a foraging-horticultural society in the Bolivian Amazon. We correct for the endogeneity of market participation by using outside traveling traders as an instrumental variable for market participation. We find no support for push determinants and mixed support for the allure of foreign goods. We find no evidence that markets raise nutritional status, but they do seem to reduce its variability.
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Spanish fluency, rather than education, tends to be the limiting factor for access to wage labor.
“Spanish fluency, rather than education tends to be the limiting factor for access to wage labor [37].”
From Physical Activity and Modernization among Bolivian Amerindians (2013) · cites this paper as [37]
Spanish fluency is associated with greater wages among Tsimane, whereas schooling does not necessarily lead to fluency nor employment opportunities.
“Spanish fluency is associated with greater wages among Tsimane, whereas schooling does not necessarily lead to fluency nor employment opportunities [37].”
From Physical Activity and Modernization among Bolivian Amerindians (2013) · cites this paper as [37]
Spanish speakers may have a more energy-dense diet.
“Spanish speakers are more likely to earn wages, and therefore may have a more energy-dense diet [37]; in our sample, fluent Spanish speakers were more likely to eat market-purchased foods than non-Spanish speakers (5.4% vs.3.3%, p<0.01, t = −3.15, df = 2192.2, t-test).”
From Physical Activity and Modernization among Bolivian Amerindians (2013) · cites this paper as [37]
Spanish speakers are more likely to earn wages.
“Spanish speakers are more likely to earn wages, and therefore may have a more energy-dense diet [37]; in our sample, fluent Spanish speakers were more likely to eat market-purchased foods than non-Spanish speakers (5.4% vs.3.3%, p<0.01, t = −3.15, df = 2192.2, t-test).”
From Physical Activity and Modernization among Bolivian Amerindians (2013) · cites this paper as [37]
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References 42 · Cited by 65
Metadata
- Authors
- Godoy, R., Reyes-García, V., Huanca, T., Leonard, W. R., Vadez, V., Valdés-Galicia, C., & Zhao, D.
- Affiliations
- Brandeis University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Anthropological Research
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 2005-07
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 157-178
- ISSN
- 0038-4801 (ISSN-L)
- 0091-7710
- 2153-3806
- OpenAlex
- W2081831839
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 8.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Anthropological Research (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Indigenous Health and Education
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Cross-Cultural and Social Analysis
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Indigenous Studies in Latin America
- Keywords
- market participation, subsistence economy, indigenous peoples, Bolivian Amazon, resource constraints, population pressure, food consumption variability, nutritional status, foreign products
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