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Re-conociendo la cerámica del sitio arqueológico La Ponga, provincia de Santa Elena, Ecuador
Open accessAbstract
Por medio del reabordaje de la cerámica de La Ponga, recolectada por Pedro Porras (1976-1977), el artículo propone, en primera instancia, un análisis de atributos para la formación de tipologías y una posterior seriación de los tipos formados, con el fin de buscar elementos de definición de la cultura Machalilla. Además, a través de la evaluación de las investigaciones arqueológicas de la costa centro-sur del Ecuador y la observación de atributos y de tipos cerámicos, se puede proponer una variante localizada en la zona señalada, que se distingue del sitio clásico Machalilla, temporalmente cercana a la transición con la cultura Chorrera-Engoroy.
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TL;DR
Reanalysis of the La Ponga ceramic assemblage collected by Pedro Porras (1976–1977) argues that the site is multicomponent, with a late/transitional Machalilla occupation and a local Ayangue Inciso variant, rather than a single-component classic Machalilla site. It identifies two ceramic phases and places the occupation in the first millennium BC, with calibrated dates around 1400–800/940 BC depending on the compared sequences.
Key findings
- Of 11,862 total fragments, 9,935 were non-diagnostic and 1,927 diagnostic; analysis of the diagnostic portion identified two occupation phases. The Early Phase features ollas with differentiated neck (forms F), anthropomorphic figure fragments, and scarce brown slip; the Late Phase features deep bowls (forms C), reused ceramic “spatulas,” and incised geometric motifs plus fingernail impressions with positive paint.
- La Ponga is interpreted as multicomponent: a Machalilla occupation with a late/transitional tendency toward Chorrera/Engoroy and possibly Guangala. Ayangue Inciso is proposed as a very localized late Machalilla variant in Ayangue, Valdivia, Loma Alta, and La Ponga. No asa-estribo bottles were found; only one bottle neck was present, referred to Chorrera/Engoroy.
- Calibrated dates for Lippi’s La Ponga sequence span cal 1396–806 BC (590 years), exceeding Lippi’s proposed 1200–800 BC (400 years). Prümers & Ugalde’s Ma-Cem dates span cal 1385–940 BC (445 years). Bischof’s Machalilla–Chorrera/Engoroy transition is placed between 1150 and approximately 900 BC, supporting Estrada’s first-millennium BC estimate.
- Compared with Ma-Cem and Salango, La Ponga lacks iridescent decoration and has strong Ayangue Inciso; Ma-Cem and Salango lack Ayangue Inciso, while Salango has intense iridescent decoration from period III L (300 BC).
Methods
- Attribute analysis and typological classification (Peroni 1998) were applied to diagnostic ceramics from Porras’s 1976–1977 excavations. Attributes included technological (paste, surface treatment, exterior color, firing), decorative (techniques and motifs), and morphological (open/restricted structure, continuous/articulated profile, body/rim/lip forms). Two families were defined: open forms A–D (platos, cuencos, cuencos profundos, tazones) and closed forms E–G (ollas without neck, ollas with differentiated neck, ollas with differentiated neck and restricted mouth).
- Seriation used the concept of “minimum average duration” based on Porras’s arbitrary-level stratigraphy. Long-duration types/decorations, unique fragments, and surface or no-provenance materials were excluded. Radiocarbon dates from Lippi (1983) were calibrated in OxCal and compared with Prümers & Ugalde’s (2018) Ma-Cem dates.
Limitations
- The paper states that Porras’s arbitrary-level excavation and insufficient planialtimetric and field records limit stratigraphic correlation; Porras’s radiocarbon dates were excluded because sample provenance is not detailed. Meggers et al.’s dates were excluded for lack of correction and slope intrusion; Lippi’s work used looter pits and lacked stratigraphic correlation. High fragmentation prevents reconstruction of complete vessels or silhouettes, and looting/land removal has altered contexts. Valdivia/Chorrera/Engoroy fragments could not be correlated with Porras’s layers, and the start of Machalilla remains unclear.
- Evident from the text: the analysis is restricted to 1,927 diagnostic fragments out of 11,862, and many chronological conclusions rely on relative seriation from arbitrary levels rather than natural stratigraphy.
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In the paper
“Después de su calibración en OxCal, las fechas de Lippi (1983: tabla C) muestran una ocupación entre los años 1396 y 806 a. C., abarcando un lapso de 590 años.”
§ Varia > 3. 2. Dataciones absolutas
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lippi (1983: tabla C)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“Fruto de la distribución de tipos y atributos en los niveles arbitrarios de la excavación, se identificaron dos fases de ocupación cuyos marcadores son definidos por los tipos creados a partir de los atributos morfológicos y decorativos, los cuales no se repiten en ambas fases (fig.9).”
§ Varia > 4. 3. Seriación cerámica del sitio La Ponga
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The distribution of ceramic types and attributes in Porras's arbitrary excavation levels can be used to identify occupation phases at La Ponga, despite the known problems of arbitrary levels.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic ceramic fragments analyzed are representative of the site's ceramic assemblage for inferring form, decoration, technology, and temporal phases.
In the paper
“Este rango de tiempo supera por mucho el tiempo de ocupación que este propone (400 años), comprendido entre 1200 y 800 a. C. (Lippi, 1983: 354-355).”
§ Varia > 3. 2. Dataciones absolutas
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lippi, 1983: 354-355
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“que se constituyen en referencia del escaso material pos Machalilla de nuestro análisis.”
§ Varia > Conflict
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En el caso de las pastas, los recipientes se elaboran con las arcillas disponibles en el medio circundante, sin ejecutar una depuración”
§ Varia > 4. Cronología de atributos
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Es así como pocos motivos geométricos con incisión y las impresiones dactilares con pintura positiva se concentran en la Fase Tardía.”
§ Varia > 4. Cronología de atributos
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Aquí, a través de la proyección de las paredes de los fragmentos de bordes, habría una tendencia a elaborar cuerpos de ollas con forma ovoidal y globular.”
§ Varia > 4. Cronología de atributos
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“las calibraciones de las fechas que nos aporta Lippi (1983) para La Ponga, las cuales se encuentran alrededor del año 1400 a. C.”
§ Varia > Conflict
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lippi (1983)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“las ollas sin cuello (formas E), en las que incluimos las que tienen borde evertido, las ollas con cuello diferenciado (formas F) y las ollas con cuello diferenciado y emboque restringido (formas G), con mayor presencia en los niveles tempranos en Palmar y en nuestra Fase Temprana de La Ponga.”
§ Varia > 4. Cronología de atributos
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“pero los motivos decorativos sí muestran un ligero aislamiento en las fases identificadas.”
§ Varia > 4. Cronología de atributos
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 31
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 9
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El conjunto cerámico sobre el que trabajamos varía levemente del reportado por Porras (1983), siendo conformada por 11 862 fragmentos en total 4 , de los cuales 9935 son fragmentos no diagnósticos y 1927 diagnósticos.”
§ Varia > 3. 2. Dataciones absolutas
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic ceramic fragments analyzed are representative of the site's ceramic assemblage for inferring form, decoration, technology, and temporal phases.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“la segmentación de recipientes restringidos (ollas, formas E, F y G), para la Fase 1 o temprana, y de recipientes abiertos (platos, cuencos y tazones, formas A, B, C y D) para la Fase 2 o tardía.”
§ Varia > 4. Cronología de atributos
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El caso de La Ponga difiere de este panorama mostrando una tendencia más marcada en la distribución de las formas, presentando recipientes abiertos (cuencos profundos, formas C) para la Fase Tardía y recipientes cerrados (ollas con cuello diferenciado, formas F) para la Fase Temprana, con una ausencia definitiva de indicios de la botella asa-estribo.”
§ Varia > 4. Cronología de atributos
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“en La Ponga, la situación es inversa: ausencia total de iridiscente e intensa decoración Ayangue Inciso.”
§ Varia > 4. Cronología de atributos
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En cuanto a la forma de los recipientes, se ve una tendencia de ollas con cuello diferenciado (formas F) y de fragmentos de figuras antropomorfas en la Fase Temprana del sitio”
§ Varia > 4. Cronología de atributos
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Posteriormente, estas muescas disminuyen en el caso de los tazones (formas D) porque aumentan los motivos geométricos incisos en los cuerpos superiores de los cuencos, es decir, el Ayangue Inciso.”
§ Varia > 4. Cronología de atributos
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In the paper
“Esta es la causa por la cual los fragmentos de tradición Valdivia o Chorrera/Engoroy de nuestro análisis no hayan sido correlacionados con las capas registradas por Porras (1983), ya que se han encontrado tanto en superficie como en niveles medios y profundos de los cortes; es decir, pocos fragmentos esparcidos en todos los niveles.”
§ Varia > 4. Cronología de atributos
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Porras (1983)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: La región ha sufrido constante saqueo y remoción de tierras, posiblemente desde hace un siglo, lo que ha alterado los contextos arqueológicos.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“las técnicas decorativas no han mostrado sensibilidad relevante porque la mayoría está en toda la secuencia cronológica”
§ Varia > 4. Cronología de atributos
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“las principales técnicas decorativas son la pintura positiva roja y las incisiones, ambas ilustrando motivos de líneas rectas de gran variedad.”
§ Varia > 4. Cronología de atributos
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“se replica en el sitio La Ponga, por la concentración de decoración incisa en la Fase Tardía, mientras que la pintura positiva se mantiene durante toda la ocupación.”
§ Varia > 4. Cronología de atributos
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“es decir, se comprueba su observación estratigráfica, apuntando a una sola ocupación con una extensión sobre los cuatro siglos en Ma-Cem.”
§ Varia > 3. 2. Dataciones absolutas
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In the paper
“Las fechas calibradas de Prümers & Ugalde (2018), en contraste, muestran una ocupación entre 1385 y 940 a. C., con una duración de 445 años en el sitio Ma-Cem, atribuida al único rasgo cultural encontrado;”
§ Varia > 3. 2. Dataciones absolutas
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Prümers & Ugalde (2018)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Cabe señalar que Meggers et al. (1965: 143) reportan botellas de asa-estribo durante toda la ocupación Machalilla, lo que contrasta con Prümers & Ugalde (2018) y Bischof (1975a;1975b), quienes no las identifican en ninguno de los sitios, incluido el mismo Machalilla.”
§ Varia > 3. 1. Diversidad de criterios
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Meggers et al. (1965: 143) source
- Not matchedcites Prümers & Ugalde (2018)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Bischof (1975a;1975b)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“A la luz de estos datos, las fechas de Prümers & Ugalde (2018) cuentan con mejor fundamento, apoyando los supuestos de Estrada (1958), quien estima a Machalilla cerca del primer milenio antes de Cristo.”
§ Varia > 3. 2. Dataciones absolutas
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Prümers & Ugalde (2018)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Estrada (1958)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Lo señalado se produce porque Meggers et al. (1965: fig.93) encuentran suficiente material Machalilla en fases Valdivia, lo cual es luego comprobado por Bischof (1975b).”
§ Varia > 3. 2. Dataciones absolutas
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Meggers et al. (1965: fig.93) source
- Not matchedcites Bischof (1975b)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“En este sentido, es posible el surgimiento de cuestionamientos sobre la excavación de Lippi en La Ponga cuando abiertamente reconoce el uso de pozos de saqueo existentes para establecer sus unidades de excavación (Lippi, 1983: 77-78).”
§ Varia > 3. 1. Diversidad de criterios
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lippi, 1983: 77-78
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Lippi, 1983: 134
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“se puede proponer una variante localizada en la zona señalada, que se distingue del sitio clásico Machalilla, temporalmente cercana a la transición con la cultura Chorrera-Engoroy.”
§ Varia > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The distribution of ceramic types and attributes in Porras's arbitrary excavation levels can be used to identify occupation phases at La Ponga, despite the known problems of arbitrary levels.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Las formas y decoraciones de La Ponga son atribuibles al primer milenio antes de Cristo, particularmente en los recipientes abiertos profundos (cuencos, formas C y D, y tazones, formas D) con profusa decoración incisa sobre la carena, lo que se ha llamado Ayangue Inciso.”
§ Varia > 4. Cronología de atributos
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“También es importante añadir que el estudio de Meggers et al. (1965), a pesar de contribuir con definiciones de períodos Machalilla, resulta insuficiente dado que su obra se concentra ampliamente en la cultura Valdivia.”
§ Varia > 1. MARCO CRONOLÓGICO CULTURAL
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Meggers et al. (1965) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Meggers et al. (1965) indican que los cuencos carenados se encuentran en toda la secuencia, así como las ollas sin cuello (formas E) y las ollas con cuello diferenciado y emboque restringido (formas G), a lo que se añaden varios fragmentos de las botellas de asaestribo.”
§ Varia > 4. Cronología de atributos
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Meggers et al. (1965) source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“en este último, como sucede en Salango, no se presenta el Ayangue Inciso, llevando a considerarlo, junto con el resto de las evidencias encontradas allí, como un yacimiento unicomponente Machalilla.”
§ Varia > 4. Cronología de atributos
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“las primeras demuestran la ocupación Machalilla con una tendencia hacia una Fase Tardía o de transición al Chorrera/Engoroy, e incluso Guangala, con algunos atributos morfológicos que perduran”
§ Varia > 4. Cronología de atributos
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In the paper
“Prümers & Ugalde (2018) reportan abundante pintura roja para el sitio Ma-Cem”
§ Varia > 4. Cronología de atributos
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Prümers & Ugalde (2018)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Las formas y funciones no se modifican fuertemente, como muestra la tendencia similar en la distribución de recipientes abiertos y cerrados”
§ Varia > 4. Cronología de atributos
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Las funciones de los recipientes son similares en Salango y La Ponga, principalmente en los recipientes abiertos que habrían sido utilizados para servir.
In the paper
“es posible que el hiato que Lippi propone sea más claro en los sitios Machalilla de la provincia de Manabí, y que se manifiesta en el corto lapso con relación a las fechas del fin de Valdivia (1500 a. C.).”
§ Varia > Conflict
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lippi
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“En sus estudios arqueológicos del cementerio de Machalilla moderno, Estrada (1957;1958) nos ha mostrado una serie de decoraciones que se distinguen de su antecesora Valdivia y, por consiguiente, son constitutivos de la ocupación cultural Machalilla.”
§ Varia > 4. Cronología de atributos
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Estrada (1957;1958)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“las formas de los cuerpos de las ollas reportadas por Meggers et al. (1965) son en su mayoría de forma globular”
§ Varia > 4. Cronología de atributos
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Meggers et al. (1965) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El análisis desarrollado muestra un repertorio de recipientes pertenecientes a una fase terminal de Machalilla localizada en la costa centro-sur, en los sitios de Ayangue, Valdivia, Loma Alta y La Ponga, que se proyecta hacia tiempos posteriores como puede verse en los recipientes de Salango y Palmar.”
§ Varia > 4. Cronología de atributos
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“En el ámbito morfológico, la amplia variedad de recipientes abiertos, en especial los cuencos, son diagnósticos de los períodos Machalilla 2, 3 y 4 del sitio Palmar.”
§ Varia > 4. Cronología de atributos
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“en el sitio Salango, donde se observa una ausencia del Ayangue Inciso y una intensa presencia de decoración iridiscente, acentuada desde el período III L (300 a. C.).”
§ Varia > 4. Cronología de atributos
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lunniss (2001; 2022)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Beckwith (1996)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“De acuerdo a lo señalado por Meggers et al. (1965), la decoración con incisiones, especialmente el Ayangue Inciso, se encuentra con una tendencia creciente hacia los niveles tardíos, mientras que la pintura roja se focaliza en los niveles tempranos.”
§ Varia > 4. Cronología de atributos
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Meggers et al. (1965) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“no se deben dejar de lado los datos que proporciona Zeller (1970) acerca de un considerable conjunto cerámico posterior a la ocupación Machalilla, destacando Chorrera/Engoroy y Guangala”
§ Varia > Conflict
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Zeller (1970)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“cuando propone que la transición desde el Machalilla-Chorrera/Engoroy se puede establecer entre el año 1150 a. C. y, aproximadamente, el 900 a. C.”
§ Varia > 4. Cronología de atributos
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bischof (1975b: 51)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“implicando que es un efecto inintencionado de la artesana o artesano.”
§ Varia > 4. Cronología de atributos
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“el inicio de Machalilla se mantiene aún como un evento sin definición clara.”
§ Varia > Conflict
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“las fechas proporcionadas por Prümers & Ugalde (2018) son muy sólidas, en tanto coinciden con las propuestas de Estrada y Bischof sobre la presencia Machalilla alrededor del primer milenio antes de Cristo.”
§ Varia > 4. Cronología de atributos
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Prümers & Ugalde (2018)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Más allá de las primeras definiciones realizadas por Estrada (1958), Machalilla ha permanecido desconocida por la falta de investigaciones, siendo estudiada solamente por Lippi (1983).”
§ Varia > 1. MARCO CRONOLÓGICO CULTURAL
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Estrada (1958)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Lippi (1983)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El hiato en La Ponga no sería tan marcado, o pudo no haber sucedido, teniendo en consideración el material Valdivia que hemos ilustrado”
§ Varia > Conflict
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The distribution of ceramic types and attributes in Porras's arbitrary excavation levels can be used to identify occupation phases at La Ponga, despite the known problems of arbitrary levels.
“La seriación cerámica se fundamenta en el concepto de «mínima duración media» con el fin de formar una sucesión relativa de eventos (Peroni, 1998: 15-16), lo que resulta muy pertinente dado el método de registro estratigráfico de Porras (1983), que siguió una excavación según niveles arbitrarios.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The diagnostic ceramic fragments analyzed are representative of the site's ceramic assemblage for inferring form, decoration, technology, and temporal phases.
“El análisis se realiza sobre esta última porción del conjunto (cuadro 3) porque nos entrega información sobre forma, decoración y tecnología de la cerámica de La Ponga.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Machalilla is traditionally treated as a synonym of the Middle Formative and was long considered an evolution of Valdivia ceramics, although without major archaeological evidence supporting it.
“Dentro de este período, la cultura Machalilla es tradicionalmente tratada como sinónimo del llamado «Formativo Medio», al haber sido considerada por mucho tiempo como una evolución de la cerámica Valdivia, aunque sin mayor evidencia arqueológica de peso que lo sustente.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Las funciones de los recipientes son similares en Salango y La Ponga, principalmente en los recipientes abiertos que habrían sido utilizados para servir.
“Por tanto, es válido asumir que las funciones de los recipientes sean similares en Salango y La Ponga, principalmente en los recipientes abiertos que habrían sido utilizados para servir.”
The paper relies on this without support.
La región ha sufrido constante saqueo y remoción de tierras, posiblemente desde hace un siglo, lo que ha alterado los contextos arqueológicos.
“Cabe reiterar que la región ha sufrido constante saqueo y remoción de tierras, posiblemente desde hace un siglo, lo que ha alterado los contextos arqueológicos.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Vessel form labels conflict with the paper's definitions
MinorThe paper defines cuencos as form B, cuencos profundos as form C, and tazones as form D. A later passage instead labels cuencos as forms C and D while also labeling tazones as form D.
“recipientes abiertos profundos (cuencos, formas C y D, y tazones, formas D)”
“En segundo lugar, se encuentran los cuencos (formas B), que presentan una profundidad que supera el tercio del diámetro de la boca, mas no la mitad de esta dimensión.”
Two different start dates for Ecuador's Formative period
MinorThe introduction dates Ecuador's Formative period to 3500-200 BC, but the chronology section says that the Formative period on Ecuador's coast began around 4400 BC. A coastal beginning in 4400 BC falls outside the stated range for Ecuador as a whole.
“en el período Formativo del Ecuador (3500-200 a. C.).”
“En la Costa, donde se ubica el sitio de interés, el período Formativo inició alrededor del año 4400 a. C. con la Fase I de la cultura Valdivia”
Citations
Cites
Early Formative Period of Coastal Ecuador: The Valdivia and Machalilla Phases
Meggers, B. J., Evans, C., & Estrada, E. (1965) · Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology · doi:10.5479/si.00810223.1.1 · Cited by 65
Normas para la descripción de vasijas cerámicas
Balfet, H., Fauvet, M.-F., & Monzon, S. (1992) · Centro de estudios mexicanos y centroamericanos eBooks · doi:10.4000/books.cemca.3030 · Cited by 59
A NEW CHRONOLOGY OF THE VALDIVIA CERAMIC COMPLEX FROM THE COASTAL ZONE OF GUAYAS PROVINCE, ECUADOR
Hill, B. D. (1972) · Ñawpa Pacha · doi:10.1179/naw.1972.10-12.1.001 · Cited by 39
Sea Fishing at Salango (Manabí Province, Ecuador) During the Middle Formative Machalilla Phase
Béarez, P., Gay, P., & Lunniss, R. (2012) · Latin American Antiquity · doi:10.7183/1045-6635.23.2.195 · Cited by 29
Formative Period Cultures in the Guayas Basin, Coastal Ecuador
Evans, C., & Meggers, B. J. (1957) · American Antiquity · doi:10.2307/276559 · Cited by 25
The Machalilla Culture: An Early Formative Complex on the Ecuadorian Coast
Meggers, B. J., & Evans, C. (1962) · American Antiquity · doi:10.2307/278376 · Cited by 15
A Reassessment of the Chronology of the Ecuadorian Formative
Marcos, J. G. (1998) · Institut français d’études andines eBooks · doi:10.4000/books.ifea.3383 · Cited by 12
Rancho Bajo: primeras evidencias del Precerámico Terminal en Quito
Ugalde, M. F. (2019) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.3477613 · Cited by 7
Rancho Bajo: primeras evidencias del Precerámico Terminal en Quito
Ugalde, M. F. (2019) · Zenodo · doi:10.5281/zenodo.3477614
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- BISCHOF, H., 1975a – La fase Engoroy: periodos, cronología y relaciones. In: Estudios sobre la arqueología del Ecuador (U. Oberem, ed.): 11-38; Bonn: Bonner Amerikanistische Studien.
- BISCHOF, H., 1975b – El Machalilla temprano y algunos sitios cercanos a Valdivia. In: Estudios sobre la arqueología del Ecuador (U. Oberem, ed.): 40-62; Bonn: Bonner Amerikanistische Studien.
- BISCHOF, H., 1982 – La fase Engoroy. Períodos, cronología y relaciones. In: Primer simposio de correlaciones antropológicas andino-mesoamericano. 25-31 julio, 1971. Salinas, Ecuador (J. G. Marcos & P. Norton, eds.): 135-176; Guayaquil: Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral.
- LUNNISS, R. & UBELAKER, D., 2023 – Morbidity and Mortality in Ancient Ecuador: Evidence from the Coastal Site of Salango. Chungara. Revista de Antropología Chilena, 55 (3): 567-579.
Cited by
Still being checked.
Metadata
- Authors
- Quelal Madrid, P.
- Venue
- Bulletin De l’Institut Français D’études Andines
- Publisher
- OpenEdition
- Published
- 2024
- Volume
- 53 (2)
- Pages
- 155-184
- ISSN
- 0303-7495 (ISSN-L)
- 2076-5827
- OpenAlex
- W4410826755
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 9
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- es
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Bulletin de l’Institut français d’études andines (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Hypotheses (OpenEdition) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Historical Studies in Central America
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Archaeology and Cultural Heritage
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Amazonian Archaeology and Ethnohistory
- Keywords
- ceramic typology, ceramic chronology, pre-Columbian pottery, cultural transition
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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