The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 34 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Evidencias líticas de los procesos de apropiación y procesamiento en la actividad de subsistencia de la cultura Atacames, Asmeraldas, Ecuador
Open accessAbstract
Durante el Período de Integración en la Costa Norte del Ecuador, las principales actividades de subsistencia fueron la agricultura del maíz y la pesca. El análisis que proponemos de los diferentes artefactos líticos recuperados en el yacimiento de Atacames complementa los estudios de subsistencia, y nos permite establecer asociaciones funcionales y tipológicas que evidencian el proceso de producción y apropiación.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This chapter classifies the lithic artifacts recovered from the Atacames site (Esmeraldas, Ecuador) to reconstruct subsistence activities—fishing and maize agriculture—during the Integration Period. Morphological and functional analysis of net weights, grinding tools, and farming implements is combined with ethnohistoric and zooarchaeological data to infer fishing techniques and a shift toward maize intensification in Atacames Tardío.
Key findings
- Net weights (Tipo 2) are by far the most abundant lithic class, with 151 specimens counted; two size groups are distinguished—small weights of 17–100 g (3.5–7 cm) and larger ones up to 700 g—interpreted as atarraya/esparavel versus chinchorro, jábega, and trasmayo gear.
- Three diving weights are identified, two around 1500 g and one around 900 g, linked to Spondylus/Pinctada mazatlánica collection; four functional weight categories are proposed (hook weights, net weights, diving weights, discoidal perforated weights).
- Grinding and farming assemblage: 23 mano de metate fragments, 34 metate fragments, 3 complete stone machacadores, 1 mortero, hachas (classified by talón and bisel), and a single azada; manos de metate are divided into six morphological types (ovoidales, elípticas, circulares, rectangulares, trapezoidales, plano-convexas).
- Stratigraphic distribution in Tola 69 shows scarce agricultural tools in Atacames Temprano (700–1100 d.C.) with proportionally abundant net weights, versus an increase and diversification of grinding/farming tools in Atacames Tardío (1100–1526 d.C.), interpreted as intensification of maize agriculture without a marked decline in fishing; among 14,210 fish remains analyzed by Guinea, bagres (Ariidae) dominate.
Methods
- Morphological and functional classification of lithic artifacts recovered by the Misión Arqueológica Española in the 1970s at Atacames, Balao, and Tonsupa, with the bulk of material from Atacames (127 ha, 65 habitation mounds).
- Artifacts were grouped by form, size, and weight (e.g., weight ranges used to separate net-weight subtypes) and by inferred use-wear (pulido, picoteado, huellas de fricción, muescas, escotaduras).
- Interpretation combined these lithic data with ethnohistoric sources (16th-century chroniclers, Chachi and other ethnographic parallels) and previously published zooarchaeological analyses.
Limitations
- The paper states that only part of the site was excavated and not all net weights were collected (footnote 1), so counts are partial.
- The authors state that no net mesh remains were recovered at Atacames, so net types were inferred indirectly from weights; the function of the discoidal perforated weights is explicitly presented as a hypothesis (nasas/trampas), and no hooks were recovered except two copper specimens.
- Evident from the text: the agricultural-tool sample is small (e.g., a single azada, one mortero), and the two-phase chronological reading rests heavily on the Tola 69 sequence with an intermediate gap (levels 12–17) yielding no agricultural lithics.
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Claims the paper makes
47 Own result · 30 Sources not found · 20 Own interpretation · 2 Not checked yet · 1 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El ejemplar que mejor se conserva de Atacames pertenece a este tipo.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.6. Hachas
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Se han conservado numerosos machacadores tanto de piedra como de cerámica.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.4. Manos de Mortero o Machacadores
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Como mencionamos se establecieron dos fases, Ataca-mes Temprano y Atacames Tardío.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.8. Estecas o manos de amolar
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Han sido manufacturadas a partir de un bloque de piedra trabajado perimetralmente, por picoteado y pulido de la superficie, hasta darle forma cilíndrica.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.4. Manos de Mortero o Machacadores
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Se emplean para aplastar y triturar semillas y vegetales con una técnica diferente que en los metates.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.5. Morteros
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Se pueden observar en el talón ciertas huellas producidas por la fricción del útil con algo duro y pulido.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.6. Hachas
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En su superficie se pueden distinguir varias sendas de alisado que forman las carenas del artefacto.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.8. Estecas o manos de amolar
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Para enmangarla se realizaron dos escotaduras simples proximales.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.6. Hachas
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Si nos atenemos al número de pesas de red de gran tamaño (tipo 2b), en Atacames no son muy abundantes.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.8. Estecas o manos de amolar
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Otras hachas no poseen esta acanaladura sino pequeñas muescas picoteadas en los bordes del artefacto para ser engastadas en madera.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.6. Hachas
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 20
- It may state two separate claims as one. 46
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Es una pieza de gran simetría.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.6. Hachas
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En la zona de enmangue se observa un rehundimiento o acanaladura, y para enmangarla se realizaron además dos escotaduras simples medias o proximales.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.6. Hachas
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hemos de apuntar que en Atacames, se recuperan manos de moler pero no ralladores de yuca.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.3. Metates
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En la mayoría de los morteros su forma es similar a un cuenco, siendo la superficie de trabajo circular cóncava.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.5. Morteros
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El talón es más estrecho que el filo y su sección transversal es rectangular u ovalada.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.6. Hachas
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Su superficie está pulida aunque en los casos que muestran escotaduras, la conservación de la superficie no es buena.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.6. Hachas
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Las estecas, manufacturadas en arenisca de grano fino, presentan la superficie solo pulida, de forma levemente convexa y sección transversal lenticular fuertemente carenada.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.8. Estecas o manos de amolar
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“El maíz adquiere relevancia en la dieta, observándose la sustitución de los ralladores del Desarrollo Regional por los metates y grandes comales asociados para el consumo de la harina de maíz en forma de tortillas.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.3. Metates
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El ejemplar que se conserva ha sido manufacturado en piedra pómez por piqueteado y presenta una base plana.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.5. Morteros
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Éste no presenta señales de uso ni tiene escotaduras para el enmangue.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.6. Hachas
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“B. De Talón Redondeado: (5 ejemplares). Se caracterizan por el talón de forma redondeada o convexa.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.6. Hachas
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La superficie está pulida y su sección es elíptica.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.7. Azadas
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Las piedras seleccionadas son blandas (pómez y arenisca) por lo que con el uso terminan desgastándose y mezclándose con lo triturado.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.4. Manos de Mortero o Machacadores
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La sección transversal es elíptica.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.6. Hachas
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“C. Hachas Tipo T: (1 fragmento del talón). La superficie ha sido pulida.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.6. Hachas
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Según esta clasificación, observamos una concentración de las pesas para anzuelo en los primeros niveles, estando ausentes del resto de la estratigrafía.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.8. Estecas o manos de amolar
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En los ejemplares de Atacames la superficie presenta un pulimento perfecto, aunque en algunos casos está muy erosionado.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.6. Hachas
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Son relativamente cortas y gruesas, con forma acampanada y de sección transversal circular.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.4. Manos de Mortero o Machacadores
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A. Hacha con bisel doble: Incluimos en este tipo 2 ejemplares en los que no conservamos el talón.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.6. Hachas
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En los que se conserva el filo éste es de bisel doble y el talón más estrecho que el corte.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.6. Hachas
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Su filo, de bisel simple, está muy desgastado.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.7. Azadas
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A. De Talón Truncado: (2 completos y 2 fragmentos) Se distinguen por la forma recta de su talón, aunque los extremos del mismo suelen estar redondeados.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.6. Hachas
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En las más desgastadas el filo está bastante romo, exhibiendo los negativos de las lascas.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.6. Hachas
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Muestran señales de reutilización como percutores y como pulidores o afiladores.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.6. Hachas
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Este tipo de ofrenda es común desde Valdivia”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.3. Metates
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Crespo 1976:28
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“La forma de estos objetos líticos es una constante: cantos de río, ovalados, con perfil aplanado y con muescas mediales en los laterales para fijar las cuerdas o hilos con las que se atan a la relinga inferior de la red. El tamaño oscila entre los 4,5 y 8 cms. de largo, con un ancho de 3,2 a 6 cms., y un máximo espesor de 1 a 2,5 cms.”
§ 2. EVIDENCIAS ARQUEOLÓGICAS DE LA PESCA > 2.1. Útiles Líticos para la actividad pesquera. Estudios Previos
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Se han identificado pesas de este tipo desde contextos arqueológicos del período Formativo, tanto Valdivia (Meggers, Evans y Estrada, 1965: 33) como Chorrera (Estrada, 1958: 95).”
§ 2. EVIDENCIAS ARQUEOLÓGICAS DE LA PESCA > 2.1. Útiles Líticos para la actividad pesquera. Estudios Previos
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Meggers, Evans y Estrada, 1965: 33
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Estrada, 1958: 95
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Junto al cráneo de éste se encontró una ofrenda que constaba de medio plato de gran tamaño con cenizas adheridas, el cuello y parte del galbo de una olla, fragmentos cerámicos de diversos recipientes, seis grandes caracolas alrededor de la cerámica y junto a ellas gran cantidad de pequeños churos o caracoles, y un fragmento de metate que sujeta parte de la cerámica (Barriuso 1979:248).”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.3. Metates
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Barriuso 1979:248
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“En una serie de fragmentos de red analizados en varios sitios precerámicos de Ancón-Chillón, se evidenció que el 75% tenían una abertura de malla entre 0,5 y 1,5 cms. y ninguna sobrepasaba los 2,5 cms. (Moseley et al. 1988: 130). Se destinaban evidentemente para capturar peces de pequeño tamaño como la anchoveta.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Moseley et al. 1988: 130
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“En esta última se intensifican los rasgos ya delineados en la primera (Alcina 1979: 122; Guinea 1995a) y se vincula con la fase Balao.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Alcina 1979: 122
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Guinea 1995a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“En este último yacimiento la ofrenda de mayor importancia se localizaba en el pozo PP1b, ya en la arena de la playa, como parte de un enterramiento cuyo cuerpo estaba en posición de cúbito supino, con los brazos cruzados y las rodillas flexionadas con orientación NW.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.3. Metates
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Barriuso 1979:248
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“El tamaño de la luz de la malla sería un indicativo fiable del tipo de capturas, o cuando menos del tamaño de las mismas.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Moseley et al. 1988: 130
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“La presencia de azadas, según algunos autores (Sanoja, 1981:55), señalaría la práctica del cultivo de ciertos tipos de raíces o tubérculos.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.8. Estecas o manos de amolar
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sanoja, 1981:55
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Es muy posible que su uso estuviera restringido y regulado de alguna manera, distribuyéndose la propiedad de estos medios de producción según las reglas de jerarquización, estructuración social y parentesco.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.8. Estecas o manos de amolar
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Las hachas de piedra se utilizaban principalmente para actividades agrícolas como desmonte, tala, movimiento de tierra y trabajo sobre madera.
In the paper
“Hachas similares son empleadas en tiempos recientes para despejar el terreno para el cultivo en las selvas tropicales (Lathrap, 1975:64).”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.6. Hachas
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lathrap, 1975:64
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Coles (1977:113) ha realizado también pruebas para cortar árboles pequeños con este tipo de hachas, comprobando igualmente su eficacia.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.6. Hachas
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Coles (1977:113)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Debemos tener en cuenta que sólo se excavó parcialmente, y que no se recogieron todas las pesas de red.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.8. Estecas o manos de amolar
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La siembra se realizaría con el tradicional sistema de desmonte, para lo que se utilizarían las hachas, el palo cavador y los azadones.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.8. Estecas o manos de amolar
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Por su forma y filo grueso y tosco, la identificamos como azada, y debió ser utilizada en labores agrícolas.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.7. Azadas
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Con las otras artes de pesca, tanto chinchorro, red de arrastre, o el trasmayo, red de trampa, los habitantes del poblado de Atacames debían practicar una pesca estacional o temporal, probablemente durante las migraciones de determinadas especies de peces, tanto a lo largo de la costa, como en el ascenso/descenso desde el mar río arriba.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.8. Estecas o manos de amolar
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cooke (1992: 28-29) observó en los yacimientos de Vidor (Costa Rica) y Salango (Ecuador), una dicotomía entre los restos de bagres y de atunes, llegando a la conclusión que existe una proporción inversa entre esas especies: a mayor número de atúnidos, menor número de bagres.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.8. Estecas o manos de amolar
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cooke (1992: 28-29)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Además de la pesca, la base energética alimenticia fundamental en Atacames es el maíz, que se completaría con otros vegetales como raíces y tubérculos, habas, frijoles, calabazas, frutas, etc.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.8. Estecas o manos de amolar
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Se emplean para cortar la maleza, para partir madera para la construcción de las casas, para hacer canoas y para variadas tareas (Forde, 1966:414).”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.6. Hachas
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Forde, 1966:414
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Cooke interpretaba esta diferenciación en razón a la dedicación de la pesca en estuario (bagre) o epipelágica (atúnidos).”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.8. Estecas o manos de amolar
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cooke (1992: 28-29)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Las redes pequeñas como atarrayas permitirían la captura de bagres, mientras que los rápidos atunes deben ser capturados por medio de redes de cerco y arrastre.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.8. Estecas o manos de amolar
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Esta circunstancia sugiere que se ha producido un cambio cultural o, lo que es más probable, un aumento de población, que deriva en la especialización en una economía basada más en la agricultura del maíz como M. Guinea (1994, 1995) viene defendiendo en los últimos años.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.8. Estecas o manos de amolar
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites M. Guinea (1994, 1995)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Entre los manteños el mismo ritual nos lo describe Olaf Holm en el recinto ceremonial de la Loma de los Cangrejitos y apunta que entre las ofrendas se encontraban maíz y un entierro cuya cabeza descansaba sobre una mano de moler (Holm 1985:32).”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.3. Metates
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Holm 1985:32
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En el estuario, como en el mar, se utilizarían otros artes de pesca, como el anzuelo con sedal, arpones, etc., con los que se pescarían otras especies, como el róbalo (Centropomus sp.).”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.8. Estecas o manos de amolar
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“De las hachas en forma de T se tiene conocimiento desde Vegas para actividades de labranza como desmonte y trabajo de la madera (John Cole 1977:108-109).”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.6. Hachas
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites John Cole 1977:108-109
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Estrada (1957:39) observa en la zona Manteña dos dietas básicas diferentes, puesto que en el sur (Guayas) no encuentra ralladores de yuca, al contrario que en la zona norte (Manabí).”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.3. Metates
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Estrada (1957:39)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hemos visto que las hachas de Atacames son de pequeño tamaño y la mayoría con huellas de enmange de menor potencia con escotaduras cercanas al talón y por consiguiente más apropiadas para cortar materias poco consistentes como pueden ser las cañas de plantas y para la recolección.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.8. Estecas o manos de amolar
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Hachas de piedra pulimentada, con entalle junto al extremo para enmangado en madera por medio de fibras, están documentadas etnográficamente en muchas culturas amazónicas como los Japurá.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.6. Hachas
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Forde, 1966:414
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“No existe explicación satisfactoria de como se utilizaban estas estecas, aunque la selección del tipo de materia prima y las sendas de alisado nos indicaría un uso como manos de amolar, para reavivar el filo de hachas u otros instrumentos cortantes, como sostiene Abbot (en Hilbert 1991:23).”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.8. Estecas o manos de amolar
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Abbot (en Hilbert 1991:23)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“donde las ofrendas funerarias podían consistir en una piedra de moler con su mano respectiva, un hacha de piedra, o simplemente un fragmento grande de vasija y unas conchas para simbolizar el alimento necesario para el viaje hacia el mas allá (Crespo 1976:28).”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.3. Metates
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Crespo 1976:28
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Por el contrario, el aumento observado en Atacames Tardío, nos indica que en este período se produce la intensificación de la agricultura del maíz, caracterizándose ésta por el aumento y eficacia de los instrumentos de cultivo y molienda, sin disminución marcada de la pesca.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.8. Estecas o manos de amolar
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En Atacames solamente identificamos un ejemplar, lo que confirmaría, junto con la ausencia de ralladores, la preponderancia del maíz frente al cultivo de tubérculos, si bien es una evidencia indirecta del cultivo de tubérculos en el poblado.”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.8. Estecas o manos de amolar
hedgedstates a possible causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Tardó siete minutos para derribar un pino de 17 cm de diámetro con un hacha de piedra lasqueada, mientras que obtuvo el mismo resultado en cinco minutos con un hacha de piedra pulida (Tabio, 1989:56).”
§ 3. INSTRUMENTOS LÍTICOS DE MOLIENDA Y UTENSILIOS DE LABRANZA EN ATACAMES > 3.6. Hachas
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Tabio, 1989:56
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
La presencia o ausencia de artefactos líticos recuperados refleja las prácticas de subsistencia y la dieta de la población.
“En este trabajo hemos procurado establecer una clasificación de los artefactos líticos recuperados en Atacames, relacionados con la subsistencia”
The paper relies on this without support.
La morfología y el tamaño/peso de las pesas de red permiten inferir los tipos de artes de pesca utilizados.
“hemos conjugado los datos etnohistóricos y zooarqueológicos con la morfología y el criterio del tamaño/peso de las pesas de red para establecer varios tipos de artes de la pesca”
The paper relies on this without support.
La siembra del maíz no precisa más que de la utilización del palo cavador.
“La siembra del maíz no precisa más que de la utilización del palo cavador”
The paper relies on this without support.
El atún es un pez migratorio.
“Por otro lado, el atún es un pez migratorio”
The paper relies on this without support.
Las redes de arrastre como el chinchorro son de utilización comunal y necesitan la participación de varios pescadores trabajando conjuntamente.
“Las redes de arrastre, como el Chinchorro, son de utilización comunal, y necesitan la participación de varios pescadores trabajando conjuntamente.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Las hachas de piedra se utilizaban principalmente para actividades agrícolas como desmonte, tala, movimiento de tierra y trabajo sobre madera.
“Las hachas se utilizaban principalmente para actividades vinculadas a labores agrícolas puesto que eran imprescindibles para el desmonte, la tala de árboles, el movimiento de tierra, y el trabajo sobre madera.”
Citations
Cites
The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Guinea, Mercedes, éd. El área septentrional andina. Lima: Institut français d’études andines, Centro Cultural Abya-Yala, 1998. doi:10.4000/books.ifea.3351. · DOI
- Guinea, Mercedes, éditeur. El área septentrional andina. Institut français d’études andines, Centro Cultural Abya-Yala, 1998, https://doi.org/10.4000/books.ifea.3351. · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lithic net weights: subsistence and strategic uses of space at the El Porvenir site, in Colombia
César Meneses, J. (2022) · Journal of Historical Archaeology & Anthropological Sciences · doi:10.15406/jhaas.2022.07.00261
O registro arqueológico da bacia média do rio Uruguai: antigos riscos, novos dados e desafios
Capdepont, I., Castiñeira, C., & Simonet, D. R. (2026) · Fragmentos del Pasado-do Passado
Metadata
- Authors
- Iglesias Aliaga, J. R., & Gutiérrez Usillos, A.
- Venue
- El área septentrional andina
- Publisher
- Institut français d’études andines
- Published
- 1998
- Pages
- 111-156
- OpenAlex
- W2603146622
- Cited by
- 2
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- es
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Institut français d’études andines eBooks (publishedVersion)
- OpenEdition (OpenEdition) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Amazonian Archaeology and Ethnohistory
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Archaeological and Geological Studies
- Keywords
- lithic artifacts, subsistence, technology appropriation, lithic typology, functional association, maize agriculture, fishing, prehistoric settlement
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