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« Dansa es us dictatz gracios » : la dansa occitane du xiie au xive siècle
Open accessAbstract
L’article constitue la première étape d’une étude interdisciplinaire d’ensemble sur la dansa de langue d’oc, le virelai de langue d’oïl et les autres genres lyriques romans qui leur sont apparentés. Suivant une approche à la fois philologique et musicologique, l’étude se concentre sur l’histoire de la dansa troubadouresque de ses débuts à 1400 environ, avec une discussion sur la définition de sa forme fondée sur les témoignages des sources médiévales, la délimitation de son corpus (entre Occitanie et Catalogne) et, enfin, sur ses origines possibles. À cet égard, une attention particulière est portée à la prétendue dérivation de la dansa d’une production d’ascendance populaire (ou popularisant) telle que celle des compositions à refrain et/ou ayant un schéma de type « zadjalesque ». L’analyse détaillée des traits distinctifs de la dansa et la comparaison avec le répertoire sacré des hymnes et des conductus permet en revanche de conclure qu’elle trouve son origine dans la canso courtoise des troubadours, sous l’influence de la production liturgique et paraliturgique des responsoria.
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TL;DR
This article is the first stage of an interdisciplinary (philological and musicological) study of the Occitan *dansa*, its corpus, form, and origins between the 12th and 14th centuries. It argues that the *dansa* derives from the courtly troubadour *canso* under the influence of liturgical/paraliturgical *responsoria*, and that the French *virelai* descends from the Occitan form rather than the reverse.
Key findings
- The authors delimit a corpus of 18 troubadour *dansas* (all *unica*), rejecting 13 pieces listed by predecessors; they add two further distinctive traits to the seven drawn from the treatises: distinction of rhymes between the two parts of the *cobla*, and use of short verses not exceeding eight syllables (longer verses are broken by internal rhymes).
- The *respos* is not a refrain: it is always in initial position, is never reused in other sources, and is not repeated between strophes (though it may be sung again at the end). The authors note that among the troubadours word-refrains are far more numerous than true refrains: 166 pieces against 66 out of 2,542 total compositions, per I. Frank's count.
- Against the "zadjalesque" derivation, the authors argue the *dansa* strophe was modelled on the *canso* (bipartite *mudanza*, *vuelta* of several verses on at least two rhymes, courtly register), whereas zadjalesque pieces are tripartite, monorhymed, and popularising in register.
- Formal tendencies across the three corpora (Table 7): troubadour corpus 79% *coblas singulars*, 61% four-verse *respos*, 33% ABAB *respos*, 31% isometric, 27% heptasyllabic; Catalan corpus 94%, 39%, 10%, 50%, 40%; Consistori del Gai Saber corpus 88%, 88%, 55%, 72%, 94%.
- Because the earliest *virelai* attestations postdate the *dansa* by at least half a century, the authors revive Paul Meyer's position: the French form takes its source in the Occitan one, not the inverse.
Methods
- Interdisciplinary philological and musicological study, combining analysis of medieval poetic treatises (*Leys d'Amors*, *Doctrina de compondre dictats*, Ripoll I) with examination of manuscript sources (chansonniers E, W, Sg, f, C, L, N; the Ripoll and Castelló d'Empúries songbooks; Toulouse Academy registers).
- Corpus delimitation based on the seven criteria common to at least two treatises, applied to troubadour, Catalan (18 pieces before 1400), and Consistori del Gai Saber (18 pieces) corpora, with formal traits quantified in percentages.
- Comparison of the *dansa* with the Latin sacred repertoire of hymns and *conductus* (eight polyphonic pieces listed from the CPI Conductus database) and with zadjalesque forms, to test the origin hypotheses.
Limitations
- The authors state that the relative chronology of individual pieces in the two repertoires (Occitan *dansas* and Latin *conductus*) cannot be established with precision; only *conductus* no. 8, attributed to Gautier de Châtillon (d. 1204), could be dated before 1200, and its form is the furthest from the *dansa*; for *Totius triclinium* no date more precise than the 13th century can be proposed.
- They acknowledge that the hypothesis of an instrumental-only reprise of the *respos* cannot be rejected, though no evidence supports it.
- The article is explicitly the first stage of a larger study; the authors note they could not study one piece (Rao 0.1j) in detail because the text given by Parramon i Blasco is lacunary and they could not obtain the Pié edition.
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Claims the paper makes
100 Sources not found · 73 Own interpretation · 67 Own result · 67 No basis given · 13 Not checked yet · 2 Own method
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“des témoignages indirects mentionnent des dansas antérieures, notamment composées par Guilhem de Cabestanh et Perdigon, deux auteurs de la deuxième moitié du xiie siècle”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“À deux reprises, les sources médiévales semblent appeler « dansas » des pièces qui ne remplissent qu’en partie les conditions posées par les traités”
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In the paper
“ce terme ne se trouve jamais dans les textes eux-mêmes ni dans le paratexte des chansonniers.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“En ce qui concerne la seconde pièce, anonyme et composée sans doute dans la première moitié du xiiie siècle, c’est une rubrique tardive ajoutée au xive siècle dans le chansonnier L (Cité du Vatican, BAV, Vat. lat. 3206) qui l’identifie comme une « dansa ».”
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In the paper
“Néanmoins, les informations manquent sur ses caractéristiques, sauf en ce qui concerne son rapport privilégié avec la musique”
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In the paper
“Le contraste se joue aussi d’un point de vue rythmique ; les mélodies étant conservées avec la notation du rythme, on peut observer des séquences différentes entre les phrases musicales du respos et celles de la première partie de la cobla.”
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In the paper
“Quant à la pièce transmise par le chansonnier L, sa définition comme dansa est beaucoup plus tardive que sa composition.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“La dansa se caractérise par la présence d’un respos/refranh qui se distingue structurellement des coblas.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Dans la plupart des cas, « la coïncidence du modèle avec les […] pièces qui survivent est parfaite”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites G. Gonfroy (art. cit. n. 21)
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In the paper
“Tous ces textes sont datables d’avant la moitié du xiiie siècle.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“Tous ces textes sont datables d’avant la moitié du xiiie siècle.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites A. Radaelli (op. cit. n. 2), p. 19-21
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- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
- Probably not a substantial claim. 64
- It may state two separate claims as one. 102
- The quote only partly states this claim. 6
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La dansa peut avoir une ou deux tornadas.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Toutes emploient un style plutôt syllabique (avec quelques rares syllabes ornées de deux ou trois sons), une courbe musicale conçue dans un ambitus restreint (quarte, quinte, sixte) la plupart du temps en sons conjoints.”
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In the paper
“la forme est signifiée et hiérarchisée par des choix graphiques, avec la présence d’une grande majuscule pour le début du respos (« Donna »), d’une minuscule en grand format pour le début de la cobla (« a vostre ») et d’une majuscule de taille normale pour la subdivision de la cobla (« Que »).”
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In the paper
“Nous relevons deux points communs : l’omniprésence des syncopes et une possible alternance entre cellule binaire et ternaire”
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In the paper
“Le respos se subdivise en deux phrases musicales : A (vers 1 et 2), A’ (vers 3 et 4) ; la cobla en quatre phrases : B (vers 5 et 6), B’ (vers 7 et 8), A (vers 9 et 10) et A’ (vers 11 et 12).”
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La rédaction longue en prose du traité contient la description la plus complète de la forme dansa”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Le corpus relativement abondant des cansonetas nous permet de saisir certaines différences entre celle-ci et la canso : la cansoneta est une composition moins élaborée qui a tendance à utiliser des vers plus courts que le vers ou la canso”
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In the paper
“Les phrases A et A’, tout comme B et B’, ne se distinguent mélodiquement que par la cadence finale : la première est suspensive (A et B, suspensive sur MI) et la seconde conclusive (A’ et B’, conclusive sur RÉ).”
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In the paper
“attesté par l’insistance sur le verbe viular (“jouer de la vielle”, dans les textes a et f) et la mention à côté d’autres genres où la structure du texte est conditionnée par celle de la mélodie, tels le descort (a, f), la balada (d) et, peut-être, la retroensa (b, g58).”
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In the paper
“Outre les sept critères énoncés plus haut, elles partagent deux autres caractéristiques : le principe de distinction des rimes entre les deux parties de la cobla et l’emploi de vers courts, ne dépassant pas les huit syllabes (si les vers sont plus longs, ils sont brisés avec la création de rimes internes65).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [65]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“Cependant, ses strophes ne sont pas nettement divisées.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“La pièce intègre à la fin de chacune de ses quatre coblas un refrain de six vers sur une seule rime.”
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La dansa a une mélodie joyeuse et agréable pour danser.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Seul le chansonnier E (Paris, BnF, fr. 1749) semble consacrer à la fin du recueil une section spécifique aux dansas : pourtant, le mot « dansa » n’apparaît jamais dans le paratexte du manuscrit”
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Il s’agit des deux compositions vraisemblablement les plus anciennes du corpus, deux unica copiés sans mélodie : Una danseta voil far (BdT 457.41) et Pres soi ses faillencha (461.198).”
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In the paper
“La dansa est construite pour accompagner la danse.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“La dansa est un genre peu représenté dans la production des troubadours de l’âge classique (xiie-xiiie siècles) : on ne compte qu’une trentaine de pièces, toutes des unica et postérieures à 1200”
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In the paper
“dont on mettrait plus en valeur les traits distinctifs en commun (à savoir : l’absence de respos initial et la présence d’un refrain répété à la fin de chaque strophe)”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Les Leys classent la dansa parmi les « dictatz principals » (“genres lyriques principaux”) au même niveau que le sirventes mais juste en dessous de la canso et du vers”
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In the paper
“les deux chansons, pourvues d’un refrain à la fin de chaque strophe, n’ont pas de respos initial.”
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In the paper
“Nous pouvons désormais proposer de retenir dans le corpus des dansas les dix-huit pièces du tableau 3, toutes des unica.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“La distinction entre le respos et la cobla y est clairement signifiée par un changement radical de la mélodie (voir tableau 2) et parfois du mode (dans trois pièces sur cinq).”
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In the paper
“La description qui en ressort est remarquablement exhaustive, contrairement à ce que l’on peut constater lorsque les théoriciens définissent d’autres genres lyriques.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“la première partie de la dansa a aussi tendance à s’organiser en un ouvert et un clos.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Les théoriciens médiévaux emploient parfois le terme desdansa se référant à une dansa qui comporte un renversement sur le plan de l’inspiration et des contenus (invective contre amour et/ou la dame vs. louange de la dame”
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In the paper
“Les occurrences du terme se trouvent exclusivement dans des contextes méta-poétiques, presque toujours à côté de termes indiquant des genres bien connus (descorts, cansos, retroensas, baladas, sirventes, vers, lais, cansonetas, pastorelas, cobletas, coblas et même un genre non lyrique comme la chanson de gesta).”
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In the paper
“la Catalogne, qui a longtemps employé l’occitan comme langue poétique, est la région où, à partir de la fin du xiiie et jusqu’à la fin du xve siècle au moins, la forme qui nous occupe connaît son succès le plus grand”
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In the paper
“La dansa doit parler d’amour”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [27]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
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In the paper
“dans la dansa XVIII de Ripoll, la voix féminine d’une nonne se lamente sur sa condition de malmongada”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Dans les Leys d’Amors, la description de la dansa débute par l’affirmation que celle-ci contient « un respos solamen »”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [112]
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
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In the paper
“En revanche, nous excluons du corpus treize autres pièces (toutes des unica) listées par certains de nos devanciers, pour les raisons exposées dans le tableau 4.”
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“À la fin du Liederbuch, on trouve un certain nombre de compositions en lien avec la danse : une « dança » (BdT 434a.71), les deux formes mixtes « dança-balada » et « sirventes-dança », une « balada » et quatre unica d’allure popularisante et/ou de registre non courtois, comme la « viadeyra » (BdT 434a.34), l’« espingadura » (BdT 434.1a), la « peguesca » et la « gelosesca » (BdT 434a.1a79).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [79]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Par exemple, on peut y trouver un incipit printanier (BdT 244.15, 461.195, 461.196) ou méta-poétique (BdT 461.224) à la manière de la canso ou encore l’allocution à la dame chantée dans le reste du poème ou bien son pseudonyme poétique107 (c’est le cas le plus fréquent chez Guiraut d’Espanha).”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En revanche, les schémas des strophes, en majorité des coblas singulars (11/14 sans compter les quatre pièces monostrophiques), sont assez variés, avec 7 pièces isométriques sur 18, dont 5 en heptasyllabes.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“une certaine préférence pour les pièces isométriques en heptasyllabes (9/18), fondées sur quatre rimes (12/18) et façonnées en coblas singulars (16 sur 17, la dix-huitième étant monostrophique).”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Parfois cette expérimentation serait restée en deçà des confins de la dansa propre : c’est le cas de BdT 244.5, où le seul élément excentrique est le redoublement de la mesure du respos dans la deuxième partie de la strophe.”
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“la « Dançia Virginis gloriose » (suivant la rubrique de Ripoll X) et les deux pièces à l’incipit Verge Sancta Mariacélèbrent, évidemment, la Vierge Marie.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Quant à l’aspect sémantique et registral, le texte du respos des dansas connues ne rompt jamais de manière évidente avec celui des strophes, voire se pose le plus souvent dans la continuité de ce dernier, comme le remarque A. Radaelli106.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [106]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“La Doctrina de compondre dictats donne une information similaire : il serait possible de construire toutes les fins de strophe « en refrayn semblan ».”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“les 18 dansas optent quasi-exclusivement pour l’heptasyllabe (sauf une), le respos à quatre vers (sauf deux : la pièce consignée dans Sg et celle citée dans les Leys d’Amors), les coblas singulars (sauf deux, dont celle de Sg) et un schéma à quatre rimes (deux pour le respos et deux pour la première partie du couplet).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“certaines sont datées dans les manuscrits toulousains : la date la plus tardive est 1471.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cependant, sur les quelques cinquante dansas occitanes et catalanes répertoriées, deux pièces parmi les ajouts du chansonnier W contiennent l’incipit du respos à la fin du texte : « Donna » après la seule cobla de la dansa monostrophique BdT 461.92, et « Ben volgra s’esser poges » après la troisième (et dernière) cobla de BdT 244.1a.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Les traités n’évoquent pas la possibilité ou l’obligation de répéter le respos en tant que tel.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Les deux dernières pièces, dont les schémas sont différents et plus complexes”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Chez les troubadours, il est vrai, la position du refrain semble un peu plus libre : les refrains des premières « chansons à refrain(s) » des dernières décennies du xiie siècle sont placés à la fin de la strophe ou à l’intérieur de celle-ci, mais jamais au début.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“les trois premières dansas du cançoneret de Ripoll développent un débat en cinq parties entre un moine et un laïc sur l’opportunité de l’amour pour les religieux”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Par ailleurs, l’emploi du refrain, très répandu dans la poésie des trouvères et dans d’autres genres littéraires de langue d’oïl, se révèle marginal et limité à certains genres lyriques minoritaires dans la production occitane99.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [99]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La plupart sont consignées dans les petits chansonniers occitano-catalans de Castelló d’Empúries”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“et surtout de Ripoll (ms. Barcelone, Arxiu de la Corona d’Aragó, Ripoll 129, renfermant aussi les deux arts poétiques ; compositions datables du deuxième quart du xive siècle84)”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“la pièce du Capellà de Bolquera qui nous est connue par sa citation dans le Terç del Chrestià de Francisc Eiximenis (Rao 20.6) exprime un moralisme teinté de misogynie”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“(notamment dans les mss. Toulouse, Bibliothèque municipale, 2886, contenant le « Registre de Galhac92 », et 2885, qui renferme le « Registre de Cornet93 »).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [92]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [93]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(les compositions consignées parmi les Joyas del Gai Saber, toutes du xve siècle, sont écrites en petits caractères dans le tableau 6).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“C’est le cas, par exemple, dans la première composition lyrique de langue d’oïl connue, qui peut être datée de l’époque de la deuxième croisade (1147-1148) : la rotrouenge Chevalier, mult estes guariz (RS. 1548a110).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [110]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Un phénomène comparable s’observe dans la ballata italienne, dont la volta – deuxième partie de la strophe – tend à s’émanciper encore plus de son rapport strict avec la ripresa – l’équivalent du respos – en ne gardant le plus souvent que la mesure et une partie seulement des rimes de celle-ci121.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [121]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Les 11 autres pièces alternent des vers de longueur différente, qui ne dépassent jamais les huit syllabes : le seul cas d’emploi de décasyllabes constitue une sorte d’exception qui confirme la règle, vu que les dix syllabes de ces vers sont rigoureusement scandées (en 4-3-3) par des rimes internes.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“la présence en position proéminente de la dansa dans les traités d’art poétique rédigés en Catalogne (déjà dans la Doctrina de compondre dictats, avant 1300, puis dans Ripoll I)”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“une certaine préférence pour les pièces isométriques en heptasyllabes (9/18), fondées sur quatre rimes (12/18) et façonnées en coblas singulars (16 sur 17, la dix-huitième étant monostrophique).”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Certes, la rime manque”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dans la gelosesca, il n’y a pas de reprise textuelle, mais le schéma métrique et des rimes de la fin des quatre strophes correspond parfaitement à celui du responedor.”
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“la forme de cette pièce est cependant la plus éloignée de celle de la dansa, avec ses cinq strophes (contre les trois des autres conductus mentionnés), son frons de deux vers seulement, ses longs vers de onze syllabes et surtout l’absence du responsorium dans la plupart des témoins.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“nous pouvons énumérer les pièces suivantes, toutes polyphoniques et de même structure métrique que la dansa165”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [165]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ainsi qu’un véritable respos – seule la mélodie reprise au début de chaque strophe fait office de respos”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“tandis que la deuxième partie (vuelta) se compose toujours de plusieurs vers sur au moins deux rimes, contrairement à la vuelta zadjalesque, monorime et le plus souvent d’un seul vers”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In its simplest and most widespread version, the zadjalesque stanza consists of a monorhymed tristich followed by a one-verse vuelta whose rhyme is identical in all stanzas.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“les plus anciens spécimens dit « zadjalesques » ne présentent généralement pas de « respos » initial : c’est le cas, par exemple, entre la fin du xie et le début du xiie siècle, pour le premier témoignage de l’hymne latin de Saint Martial de Limoges In hoc anni circulo154 et pour l’unique composition de schéma aaab (BdT 183.10) du premier troubadour, Guillaume IX d’Aquitaine († 1126) sur les dix (”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [154]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [155]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In its simplest and most widespread version, the zadjalesque stanza consists of a monorhymed tristich followed by a one-verse vuelta whose rhyme is identical in all stanzas.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“les deux phrases musicales C et D ne sont pas identiques.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“seuls les conduits nos 1 et 2 reprennent le schéma des rimes du responsorium dans la deuxième partie de la strophe (pour le no 2 avec quelques irrégularités, comme l’assonance -a : -at) et le no 3 présente une reprise partielle (limitée à la deuxième rime du responsorium).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“D’une part, elles sont intégrées aux sections consacrées aux rondeaux (W, Paris, BnF, fr. 25566 pour les deux premières ; a, Cité du Vatican, BAV, Reg. lat. 1490 pour la troisième)”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Parmi ces formes, la dansa s’affirme donc plus tôt que : le virelai français, la ballata italienne dont les premières attestations sont datées de la deuxième moitié du xiiie siècle, le goig catalan attesté dès le xive siècle et, enfin, le villancico espagnol apparaissant au xve siècle145.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [145]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“au niveau registral, la dansa est pleinement courtoise, tandis que les pièces de forme zadjalesque sont le plus souvent d’allure popularisante, ou de registre non courtois151.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [151]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In its simplest and most widespread version, the zadjalesque stanza consists of a monorhymed tristich followed by a one-verse vuelta whose rhyme is identical in all stanzas.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sa forme correspond d’une part à celle de la dansa : schéma des rimes et de la mélodie (ABAC/DEDE ABAC), alternance ouvert/clos, net contraste mélodique entre le respos et la première partie du couplet.”
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dans les deux cas, la mélodie nous est inconnue.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Le mot apparaît une autre fois seulement dans le corpus des troubadours, sous la forme danceta, dans la recepta de xarob de Cerverí de Girona (BdT 434a.17, v. 1-4 : « De Pala a Torosela/anan un jorn cavalcan/d’una danceta novela/que volia far pessan »), qui n’a pourtant rien à faire avec la dansa, étant formellement un descort.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites BdT 434a.17
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“À l’exception d’un seul cas (le n° 7 en oda continua), la structure de la mélodie (toujours notée sauf pour le n° 3) correspond aussi à celle de la dansa.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“la dansa partage avec la canso l’inspiration courtoise et le registre de la « requête d’amour153 » (point 3).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [153]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“d’autant plus qu’aucune pastourelle de Cercamon n’est attestée dans les sources”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dès la deuxième moitié du xiiie siècle, des pièces de répertoires divers suivent ce schéma : quelques balletes du chansonnier français I, certaines pièces à danser en occitan (voir par exemple plus haut, tableau 4) et en italien, mais surtout des compositions d’inspiration religieuse, comme beaucoup de laude italiennes ou de Cantigas de Santa Maria d’Alphonse X de Castille en galicien.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Le même terme se trouve dans la rubrique qui introduit le texte dans Sg.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La deuxième partie de la strophe équivaut à deux fois le respos.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Nous pouvons ajouter que le schéma aaab est marginal dans le corpus troubadouresque ; la BEdT ne donne que 11 pièces au total (dont deux du troubadour limousin Marcabru, actif un quart de siècle plus tard que Guillaume IX).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Le seul essai intégralement consacré à ce sujet est une étude plus impressionniste que systématique de Terence Newcombe”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Terence Newcombe, « The Refrain in Troubadour Lyric Poetry »
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Les spécialistes se sont rarement intéressés aux modalités de transcription des refrains et des respos dans les chansonniers de troubadours.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comme nous l’avons vu plus haut, cela n’est qu’une tendance, majoritaire, mais pas systématique, dans la dansa.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Il s’agit d’un mot inconnu, aussi bien en occitan qu’en catalan.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“nous croyons opportun de considérer la desdansa comme un sous-ensemble de la dansa”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pour un genre destiné à connaître un succès certain (mais surtout après la fin de l’âge d’or du trobar), il semble étonnant que des mutations importantes dans l’histoire de la forme ne soient à aucun moment mentionnées dans les sources.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Or, comme nous l’avons montré plus haut, cette appartenance pourrait être rejetée car elle demeure très douteuse.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Les structures rythmiques montrent toutefois quelques légères différences de carrure entre les pièces, qui pourraient indiquer des sous-registres au sein même du genre de la dansa.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La sobriété musicale rend possible un débit rapide des paroles et donc un tempo rapide, pouvant être associé au caractère joyeux préconisé pour la dansa”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dans les deux cas, mais surtout dans le deuxième, une danseta ne serait pas forcément une dansa, tout comme la cansoneta ne correspond pas tout à fait à une canso”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“L’interprétation de la dansa comme un genre beaucoup plus libre d’un point de vue formel, au moins à l’origine, se fonde sur les deux seuls témoignages cités plus haut qui pourraient, de surcroît, ne pas être réellement pertinents.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“L’ordre suivi par Ripoll I et les Leys (contre celui de la Doctrina) suggère que le respos ouvre la composition et précède la première cobla”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sa liste intègre toutefois quelques pièces qui ne suivent pas strictement les critères établis.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ces deux positions de la critique ne s’excluent pas mutuellement. En effet, la seconde peut s’intégrer dans un modèle évolutif qui s’appuie sur une description du cheminement historique du trobar acceptée par tous : la liberté créative (des formes, des registres, des autodéfinitions) des débuts laisserait progressivement place à une production plus stéréotypée.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Telle était déjà la position de P. Meyer et, suivant l’approche de celui-ci, d’Edmund Stengel, qui identifiait 22 poèmes de troubadours comme des dansas60, auxquels doivent être ajoutées les pièces du chansonnier Sg découvert dans la première décennie du xxe siècle.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [60]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Plus récemment63, Gemma Avenoza, dans sa recherche sur la forme dansa entre l’Occitanie et la Catalogne du xiiie au xvie siècle qui permet d’en voir la persistance au long cours, s’est fondée sur la définition des traités pour dénombrer 23 dansas troubadouresques (auxquelles elle ajoute quatre compositions post-troubadouresques64).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [63]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [64]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Les quatre premiers points sont d’ordre structurel et suggèrent que la dansa devait avoir une forme relativement fixe, comparable aux « formes fixes » françaises, telles que la ballade, le rondeau et le virelai”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Les 11 autres pièces alternent des vers de longueur différente, qui ne dépassent jamais les huit syllabes : le seul cas d’emploi de décasyllabes constitue une sorte d’exception qui confirme la règle, vu que les dix syllabes de ces vers sont rigoureusement scandées (en 4-3-3) par des rimes internes.”
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Le Liederbuch de Cerverí de Girona qui ouvre le chansonnier Sg (Barcelone, Biblioteca de Catalunya, 146), consigné en Catalogne dans la deuxième moitié du xive siècle76, pourrait confirmer notre interprétation.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [76]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ne ferait que dévoiler cet artifice, tout en confirmant l’inutilité d’une répétition intégrale du respos entre chaque strophe.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“À l’instar des « chansons à la Vierge » de la lyrique d’oc et d’oïl, l’emploi de la thématique mariale aurait permis de traiter l’amour sacré comme la forme la plus haute de la fin’amor.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En revanche, l’association du mot dansa avec un autre terme démontre une volonté de précision : pour des raisons thématiques quand il est associé à sirventes et pour des raisons formelles quand il est associé à balada.”
boostedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La possibilité d’un retronchamen partiel à l’intérieur de la strophe, intervenu probablement après la fin de l’âge d’or du trobar (aucune attestation avant les dansas de Ripoll)”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“le respos évoquerait ici l’élément structurel et le « refrayn » sa répétition en position finale (en accord avec nos traits distinctifs 3 et 4115).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [115]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Après 1300, elle finit même par occuper une place de choix dans le système des genres lyriques, notamment en Catalogne et dans le milieu de l’Académie toulousaine, où les Leys d’amors lui offrent un statut de « genre principal » à côté du sirventes et juste en dessous de la canso ou du vers80.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [80]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Le respos de la dansa présente manifestement plusieurs traits caractéristiques de celui-ci : la position impérativement initiale, la possibilité de répétition finale et la continuité sémantique avec le reste du texte.”
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“L’hypothèse d’une reprise uniquement instrumentale du respos ne peut toutefois pas être rejetée”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pour le refrain, la répétition n’est peut-être pas à l’origine un trait constitutif – l’étymologie ou les occurrences du mot dans la littérature des xiie et xiiie siècles ne le suggèrent pas – mais tend à le devenir très vite : elle constituera effectivement la principale caractéristique du refrain au sens moderne.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“En conclusion : le respos ne devait pas être répété entre les strophes122, mais pouvait être chanté une seconde fois à la fin de la composition, pour la clore de manière circulaire.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [122]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Si le respos était répété entre les strophes, les copistes l'auraient signalé.
- Rests on an assumption: Le corpus répertorié de dansas occitanes et catalanes est suffisamment représentatif pour tirer des conclusions sur la pratique de la dansa.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Le modèle est exactement celui donné par les Leys d’Amors avec une cristallisation du respos à quatre vers (le traité préconise un refrain de trois à cinq vers).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Leys d’Amors
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La compilation de Sg (la production de chansons à danser de Cerverí de Girona) semble ainsi suivre la logique que nous avons décrite pour E et même la dépasser, en augmentant la diversité des pièces”
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Les compilateurs, aussi bien que les auteurs, auraient certainement profité d’un répertoire commun de pièces lyrico-chorégraphiques de registre divers (courtois et popularisant) pour expérimenter des possibilités différentes de composition.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Le responsorium devient un genre qui trouve le plus souvent sa place dans la liturgie après une lecture et se compose de deux parties : d’abord le responsorium proprement dit, chanté par le chœur, ensuite le verset confié à un soliste, qui pouvait être suivi par une reprise partielle ou totale du responsorium par le chœur129.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [129]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Toutefois, l’étymologie du terme respos, provenant du verbe latin RESPONDERE et équivalent au substantif latin médiéval responsorium (utilisé entre autres par Jean de Grouchy vers 1300, même pour le refrain du rondeau127) suggère de faire un parallèle avec le chant responsorial qui débutait par la responsa (réponse) du chœur, suivie par le chant d’un soliste128.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [127]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [128]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“L’extrême homogénéité de ce corpus suggère que l’on rassemble ici toutes ces pièces, même si une majorité d’entre elles dépassent la limite chronologique de 1400 que nous nous sommes fixée”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“L’arrangement des pièces aurait été conçu par l’auteur lui-même77 ou par quelqu’un qui devait en connaître bien l’œuvre”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [77]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Autrement dit, si la dansa avait eu une forme nettement différente avant Guiraut d’Espanha, on pourrait s’attendre à des remarques sur les divergences entre « manière ancienne » et « manière moderne » comme nous en connaissons pour d’autres types de compositions”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“M.S. Lannutti se prononce, en effet, pour une influence que l’on pourrait définir comme « polygénétique » de la « praxis exécutive » du chant liturgique et paraliturgique”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites M.S. Lannutti
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Une telle interférence expliquerait aussi la genèse de la forme hybride signalée par V. Beltrán qui emploie le schéma métrique « zejelesco » et la structure mélodique qu’il appelle « romance » – à savoir celle de la dansa/virelai –, forme la plus usitée dans les répertoires ibériques et italiens, représentés respectivement par les Cantigas de Santa Maria et les laude172.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [172]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Le prix pour la meilleure dansa était, suivant les Leys d’amors, « una flor de gaug d’argen fi » (“un souci d’argent” ; Las Leys d’Amors… ”éd. cit. n. 16], t. I, p. 42), inférieure seulement à la « violeta » « de fin aur » (“violette d’or”) décernée à la meilleure canso.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Las Leys d’Amors… [éd. cit. n. 16]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“La description se termine sur une précision d’ordre thématique opposant la dansa à la desdança, qui médit de l’amour (cité aussi par les Leys d’Amors, voir plus haut, n. 18).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Leys d’Amors
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Pour le rondeau, nous retrouvons des théories similaires : voir par exemple l’introduction de Nico H. J. van den Boogaard, Rondeaux et refrains du xiie siècle au début du xive, Paris, Klincksieck (Bibliothèque française et romane, série D, Initiation, textes et documents, 3), 1969.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Nico H. J. van den Boogaard, Rondeaux et refrains du xiie siècle au début du xive
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“quelques-unes de ces œuvres pourraient être antérieures aux premiers spécimens occitans connus – la période de l’épanouissement du genre des conductus se situe entre 1150 et 1250 environ –, antérieures même aux toutes premières dansas troubadouresques perdues.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The period of flourishing of the conductus genre is between 1150 and 1250.
- Rests on an assumption: There existed very first lost troubadour dansas.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“qui se trouve dans les estampidas, les gelozescas et les descorts selon la Doctrina de compondre dictats134, et dans les viadeyras selon les traités de Ripoll135.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [134]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [135]
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plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“un tel témoignage montre que la forme était bien présente dans la tradition latine.”
boostedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Ripoll I affirme explicitement : « Desdança, seguons que par en lo vocable, es contrari a dança, no en la forma, mas en la m‹a›teria ; car axi con dança se fa per amor o per manera qu’om humilment pregua o loha la dona, axi desdança se fa per despler e per malsaber o per gran ira »”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites ibid, p. 103
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“le répertoire est très hétérogène et les pièces plus tardives, comme celles de l’école de Notre-Dame (xiie-xiiie siècles) ne traitent pas de thèmes « compatibles avec les célébrations » liturgiques164.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [164]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“ultérieurement démontré par quelques conductus déjà en partie signalés par H. Spanke161.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites H. Spanke161
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“La forme zadjalesque est d’ailleurs assez commune dans les répertoires liturgiques ou paraliturgiques, notamment dans certains des hymnes de Moissac (ms. Cité du Vatican, BAV, Ross. 205) datés du xe siècle148, puis dans le célèbre manuscrit de Saint Martial de Limoges, Paris, BnF, lat. 1139 (partie datée de la fin du xie siècle149).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [148]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [149]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Les Regles de trobar par Jofre de Foixà (1286-1291) ne donnent pas de description de la dansa mais en mentionnent la contrainte thématique : « Car si tu comences a far un sirventesch de fayt de guerra o de reprendimen o de lausors, no·s conve que·y mescles raho d’amor; o si faç canço o dança d’amor, no·s tayn que·y mescles fayt d’armes ne maldit de gens »”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites The Razos de Trobar of Raimon Vidal… (éd. cit n. 22)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“la dansa aurait pu influencer à son tour la production cléricale dans des milieux où l’impact du trobar sur la culture littéraire et musicale était important ; ainsi, Totius triclinium pourrait être tout aussi bien un modèle qu’une imitation169.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [169]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Ripoll is a cultural center of first order and its relation with troubadour production is well known.
- Rests on an assumption: The Catalan domain is where the dansa had the most important success.
- Not matched
In the paper
“La composition peut être précédée – mais cela n’est pas une règle, surtout pour les pièces les plus anciennes – d’une sorte de respos de deux vers construit avec la même rime que la vuelta (xx), dont la répétition entre les strophes reste hypothétique150.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [150]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Le paradigme descriptif mis au point par la critique pour la poésie du xiiie siècle évite des formulations aussi nettes, en préférant parler de « géneros condicionados por la versificación » (Martín de Riquer, Los trovadores : historia literaria y textos, Barcelone, Planeta [Ensayos, 34-36], 1975, 3 vol., vol. I, p. 45) par opposition aux « géneros condicionados por su contenido »”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Martín de Riquer, Los trovadores : historia literaria y textos
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites P. Bec (op. cit. n. 10)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites S. Rozza (op. cit. n. 16)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“Ensuite, l’auteur explique par un exemple de dansa (par ailleurs inconnue) du Capela de Bolquera ce qu’il faut entendre par « rimes principals » : il s’agirait des rimes de fin de vers, par opposition aux rimes meyns principals, axi con aqueles qui son doblades, à savoir les « rimes internes » (le rims multiplicatz des Leys d’Amors : voir plus haut, n. 14).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Leys d’Amors
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“ou encore l’information sur le changement terminologique qui conduisit le vers des origines à être appelé canso dans la deuxième moitié du xiie siècle (dans la vida de Peire d’Alvernha : Biographies des troubadours… [éd. cit. n. 55], XXXIX).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Biographies des troubadours… [éd. cit. n. 55], XXXIX
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En revanche, l’absence de réflexion sur la polysémie du même mot vers (“composition quelconque” pour les premières générations de troubadours, “pièce de contenu moral” pour les dernières) n’est pas en contradiction avec notre argument car entre le vers des anciens et celui des modernes il n’y a aucune continuité”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“la dansa – tout comme l’estampida, le descort et d’autres types de compositions lyriques liées à la danse – aurait pu être influencée par la production septentrionale à dominante musico-chorégraphique : l’attestation des premières dansas connues dans un milieu puissamment nourri de culture française tel que celui de la cour provençale de Charles d’Anjou semble même le suggérer.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“il est bien possible que, dans son évolution historique, une forme simple et d’origine populaire ait été reprise, retravaillée ou complexifiée par des poètes cultivés, qui en auraient aussi haussé le ton afin de les réemployer dans des contextes différents.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Si celles-ci n’étaient pas de Guiraut d’Espanha, elles auraient été insérées dans cette section à cause de leur affinité formelle à l’œuvre de ce poète (voir plus bas).”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nous mentionnons ces étiquettes qui se prêtent sans doute à la discussion car les compositions ainsi définies ne sauraient être considérées comme des dansas au sens propre.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Les Leys d’Amors parlent de « rims multiplicatz » permettant l’emploi de vers longs”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites voir plus haut, n. 17
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“l’idée est généralement acceptée par les spécialistes depuis Karl Bartsch, Grundriss zur Geschichte der provenzalischen Literatur, Elberfeld, Friderichs, 1872, p. 151, n. 244 (mais cf. P. Meyer [art. cit. n. 9], p. 21).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Karl Bartsch, Grundriss...
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites P. Meyer [art. cit. n. 9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Cette pièce fait partie d’une série de compositions lyriques pour la plupart en variétés italiennes septentrionales ajoutées au xive siècle, probablement à Mantoue, à la fin d’une copie du xiiie siècle du roman de Partenopeus de Blois.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Paolo Gresti, « Osservazioni... »
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Par rapport au virelai, cette thèse est pourtant insoutenable d’un point de vue chronologique”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Manuel Pedro Ferreira, « Rondeau and Virelai: the Music of Andalus and the Cantigas de Santa Maria »
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Après quelques traités scientifiques en catalan, le manuscrit rassemble trois compositions poétiques à danser (dont deux dansas et une pièce de forme zadjalesque) dans la même langue, parmi d’autres textes brefs divers, tous copiés par la même main.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gemma Avenoza, « Poemas catalano-occitanos... »
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“« Les dansas ne comportent pas de refrain intérieur. Le refrain du début, qui n’en est pas un et qu’il convient d’appeler répons, suivant la terminologie des Leys d’Amors […] »”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites I. Frank (op. cit. n. 61)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“sans qu’il soit possible d’affirmer, vu l’exiguïté du corpus, si cela signifie que « tous les refrains des troubadours ont été rédigés pour les besoins des chansons dont ils font partie intégrante » (comme le voudrait I. Frank [op. cit. n. 51], t. I, p. XXXVII, n. 5) ou encore – et plus important – si le remploi des refrains était une pratique inconnue dans la littérature occitane.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites I. Frank (op. cit. n. 51)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“L’hypothèse d’une reprise uniquement instrumentale du respos ne peut toutefois pas être rejetée, bien que nous n’ayons aucun élément permettant de l’argumenter.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pour le reste, il n’y a pas de doutes sur le fait qu’il s’agisse d’une dansa : voir plus bas.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“(Ripoll I, qui ne se prononce pas sur la longueur des vers, les appelle « rimes meyns principals »)”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites voir plus haut, n. 17
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“chez Jaufre Rudel la répétition à la fin de chaque strophe de l’énigmatique formule « a, a, a » qui ne compte pas dans le mesure du vers, ne saurait à notre avis être considérée comme un véritable refrain.”
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“L’argument ne semble toutefois pas être déterminant : un chœur « romantique » solidaire avec les sentiments du je-lyrique dont il reprendrait les accents est tout à fait envisageable.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites A. Radaelli (op. cit. n. 2)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ce petit recueil témoigne du succès que les compositions à danser gallo-romanes devaient susciter chez le public de l’Italie du Nord à une époque – au cœur du Trecento – qui connaît déjà une production poétique et musicale autochtone assez fleurissante.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Les critères formels définis par les traités identifient correctement les dansas.
“au moins dix-huit pièces se conforment fidèlement aux critères formels définis par les traités”
The paper relies on this without support.
Les principaux traits distinctifs du refrain signalés par la critique sont valides.
“Les principaux traits distinctifs du refrain signalés par la critique sont :”
The paper relies on this without support.
Si le respos était répété entre les strophes, les copistes l'auraient signalé.
“Les copistes ne signalent jamais la répétition du respos interstrophique116.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Le corpus répertorié de dansas occitanes et catalanes est suffisamment représentatif pour tirer des conclusions sur la pratique de la dansa.
“sur les quelques cinquante dansas occitanes et catalanes répertoriées”
The paper relies on this without support.
The etymology of respos and responedor is the same.
“encore une fois l’étymologie est la même”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is a formal correspondence between the dansa and the virelai.
“Compte tenu de la correspondance formelle entre la dansa et le virelai”
The paper relies on this without support.
The respos is an obligatory element of the dansa.
“respos obligatoire de la dansa”
The paper relies on this without support.
In its simplest and most widespread version, the zadjalesque stanza consists of a monorhymed tristich followed by a one-verse vuelta whose rhyme is identical in all stanzas.
“Dans sa version la plus simple et la plus répandue, la strophe est constituée par un tristique monorime suivi d’une vuelta d’un seul vers dont la rime est identique dans toutes les strophes (aaax bbbx cccx etc.).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The period of flourishing of the conductus genre is between 1150 and 1250.
“la période de l’épanouissement du genre des conductus se situe entre 1150 et 1250 environ”
The paper relies on this without support.
Ripoll is a cultural center of first order and its relation with troubadour production is well known.
“centre culturel de premier ordre et dont le rapport avec la production troubadouresque est bien connu”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Catalan domain is where the dansa had the most important success.
“le lieu fait partie de ce domaine catalan où la dansa a connu le succès le plus important.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There existed very first lost troubadour dansas.
“antérieures même aux toutes premières dansas troubadouresques perdues.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The hymn In honore Sanctae Crucis (Pange, lingua, gloriosi) by Venance Fortunat (6th c.) had immense success in the liturgy of Passion time until modern era.
“Il s’agit de l’hymne de Venance Fortunat (vie siècle) In honore Sanctae Crucis (incipit : Pange, lingua, gloriosi), qui connut un immense succès dans la liturgie du temps de la Passion jusqu’à l’époque moderne”
The paper relies on this without support.
In the classic form of the virelai (and of the dansa), the first part of the strophe always presents a musical contrast (and very often metric) vis-à-vis the refrain/respos, sometimes even characterized by a change of mode.
“du virelai (et de la dansa), la première partie de la strophe présente toujours un contraste musical (et très souvent métrique) vis-à-vis du refrain/respos, parfois même caractérisé par un changement de mode.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The scribes behave coherently with regard to recurring elements in lyric texts.
“sur l’hypothèse que les scribes se comportent de manière cohérente aux égards des éléments récurrents dans les textes lyriques.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Conclusion
“la date la plus tardive est 1471.”
§ Conclusion
“Joan Bemonis (1474) Thesaur de grant exellensa”
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Metadata
- Authors
- Chaillou-Amadieu, C., & Saviotti, F.
- Venue
- Cahiers de civilisation médiévale
- Publisher
- OpenEdition
- Published
- 2022
- Volume
- 257
- Issue
- 257
- Pages
- 3-36
- ISSN
- 0007-9731 (ISSN-L)
- 2119-1026
- OpenAlex
- W4281609127
- Semantic Scholar
- 84951e9a561798cc7acf58d2d82926239a5a9cca
- Cited by
- 1
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1
- FWCI
- 0.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- fr
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cahiers de civilisation médiévale (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Cairn.info (submittedVersion)
- OpenEdition (OpenEdition) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-18-CE27-0016)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Medieval European Literature and History
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Music › Musicology and Musical Analysis
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Medieval Iberian Studies
- Keywords
- Occitan troubadour poetry, virelai, troubadour poetry, conductus, 12th-14th centuries
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: « Dansa es us dictatz gracios » : la dansa occitane du xiie au xive siècle. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.4000/ccm.8893
- The paper
- Chaillou-Amadieu, C., & Saviotti, F. (2022). « Dansa es us dictatz gracios » : la dansa occitane du xiie au xive siècle. Cahiers de civilisation médiévale. https://doi.org/10.4000/ccm.8893
