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Merging Tibetan Culture into the Chinese Economic Fast Lane: The Great Western Development policy should increase immigration from inner China to the Tibet Autonomous Region
Open accessAbstract
The nature of Tibet's historical situation relative to China 1, and its current manifestation as the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) within the People's Republic of China (PRC), has generated specific administration policies from the central government since the 1950s2. With the adoption in 2000 of a new national strategy for developing its western regions, China plans a completely new look for these areas3, not least the TAR, where effects of the Great Western Development (GWD) policy (Xibu da kaifa) are likely to be more profound than for any other provincial-level constituent of the PRC. While the central government has included the TAR as just one of multiple provincial-level components of its new strategy, it has also refocused its specific Tibet policy in tandem with the national project, a recognition of the TAR's distinctive characteristics and problems. Among the PRC's five autonomous regions, all of which are included in the GWD, the TAR's cultural and ethnic characteristics are more homogeneous than in any of the others: a single non-Han culture and nationality dominates the region, who have a clear, commonly-shared self-identity. Ethnic and cultural diversity characterises many of the other areas under the GWD, but before 1950, when the Han Chinese began to arrive in Tibet, one term could sum up everything that was there as Tibetan.
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“In particular, the new emphasis on tourism and the commodification of Tibetan culture as a strategy for development that accompanied China ' s Open up the West campaign had significant implications for tigers, and the otters and leopards whose pelts generally accompanied those of tigers in illicit trade routes (Cooke 2003; Kolås 2007; Oakes 2007).”
From Blazing Pelts and Burning Passions: Nationalism, Cultural Politics, and Spectacular Decommodification in Tibet (2013) · cites this paper as Cooke 2003
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Research works printed but not linked: 12
- David S.G.Goodman, "The Politics of the West: Equality, Nation-Building and Colonisation", in François Godement (ed.), La Chine et son Occident (China and its Western Frontier), Paris, Centre Asie IFRI, 2002.
- See for example introduction to Zangzu jianshi (A Brief History of the Tibetan Nationality), Xizang renmin chubanshe, 2000 (original edition 1985), or Hu Jintao's speech at the 50th Anniversary of the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet, Beijing, Xinhua July 19th 2001.
- Some Chinese research articles position migration under GWD within the historic population movement westwards from the Chinese heartland during imperial "opening up" campaigns, but adding the sanctioning dimension of the GWD's modernisation goals (see essays in Mao Gongning and Wang Tiezhi (eds.), Minzu quyu zizhi xinlun [New Discussions on Nationality Regional Autonomy], Peking, Minzu chubanshe, 2002).
- China's Tibet, Vol. 8, No. 6 (1997), various reports on Linzhi (Tib.: Nyingtri) County.
- TAR 10th Five-Year Plan, Chapter 7 "Intensifying Urbanisation and Raising the Level of Urbanisation", in Xizang Ribao, June 9th 2001.
- See PRC 10 th Five-Year Plan, Chapter 9. Merging Tibetan Culture into the Chinese Economic Fast Lane China Perspectives, 50 | november-december 2003 critical of gold mining near his monastery, complaining that the mining caused environmental damage, and that local Tibetans were not sharing in ensuing economic benefits. See Mining Tibet: Mineral Exploitation in Tibetan Areas of the PRC, Tibet Information Network, London 2002, pp. 103-104.
- TAR 10th Five-Year Plan, Chapter 4. Tourism was made a pillar industry for the TAR in 1996, so the GWD's invocation of its economic potential through harnessing and adapting local non-Han culture is not an innovation but an intensification and acceleration of an existing approach here and in other national minority areas: Guizhou's experience of ethnic tourism is discussed in Tim Oakes, "Selling Guizhou: cultural development in an era of marketisation", Hans Hendrischkie and Feng Chongyi (ed), The Political Economy of China's Provinces: comparative and competitive advantage, London, Routledge, 1999, pp. 31-72. Current indications of the TAR's tourist market point overwhelmingly to the domestic tourist pool: over half a million domestic tourists-more than four times the number of foreign tourists-visited the TAR in 2001 (TAR Government Work Report for 2002), and over six times as many in 2002 (various Xinhua reports). 1.16 million domestic and 240,000 foreign tourists are expected in 2005. Under these circumstances, adaptation of the tourist industry to market taste seems likely: proliferation of hotels in Lhasa, built and used by personnel from inner China, and the fact that more tourist enterprises in the TAR are run by Chinese than Tibetans, bear out such a trend at present.
- TAR 10th Five-Year Plan, Part 2, Chapter 2.
- George Ginsburgs and Michael Mathos, Communist China and Tibet: The First Dozen Years, The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1964, pp. 153-154.
- See Robert B. Ekvall, Fields on the Hoof: Nexus of Tibetan Nomadic Pastoralism, New York, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1968; also Geoffrey Samuel, Civilised Shamans: Buddhism in Tibetan Societies, Washington and London, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993.
- See, for one example, Wei Yiming, "Defects of the Amendments of the Law of Autonomy of the Minority Regions", Shanghai Faxue (Shanghai Legal Studies, journal of the East China Institute of Political Science and Law), August 10th 2001, pp. 20-23 (FBIS trans September 13th 2001).
- TAR 10th Five-Year Plan, Part 7, Chapter 17. Merging Tibetan Culture into the Chinese Economic Fast Lane China Perspectives, 50 | november-december 2003
Cited by
Yeh, E. T. (2013) · The Journal of Asian Studies · doi:10.1017/s0021911812002227 · Cited by 29
Zhang, A.-Y., Wang, J., Jiang, Y., Chen, Y.-Q., & Shi, P. (2018) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Science · doi:10.1007/s13753-018-0194-5 · Cited by 7
“In addition, a large number of temporary migrants have also moved to Tibet in recent decades (Cooke 2003; Fan et al. 2010).”
BackgroundPulla, V., & Kharel, K. P. (2014) · doi:10.20896/saci.v1i3.33 · Cited by 5
“…with the anti-separatist struggle and religion’s negative influence, implicate religion and its management by the state in the wider goal of nation-building through social re-engineering, a process to be effected both from within religious circles and society at large (Cooke, 2007: 6) .”
Economic Development in West Sichuan: The Case of Daocheng County
Holz, C. A. (2023) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0305741023000784 · Cited by 3
“48 For the case of Amdo, Yeh 2003 suggests that just about everything the PRC administration has done (which she lists) ultimately came to naught.”
BackgroundTibet studies in Australia, Hong Kong and Singapore
Mackerras, C. (2011) · Tibetan Studies in Comparative Perspective · doi:10.1080/14631369.2011.605542 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Cooke, S.
- Corresponding author
- Cooke, Susette
- Venue
- China Perspectives
- Publisher
- OpenEdition
- Published
- 2003
- Volume
- 2003
- Issue
- 6
- ISSN
- 1996-4617 (ISSN-L)
- 2070-3449
- OpenAlex
- W335899692
- Cited by
- 5
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2023: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- China Perspectives (publishedVersion)
- OPUS - Open Publications of UTS Scholars (University of Technology Sydney) (submittedVersion)
- OpenEdition (OpenEdition) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › China's Ethnic Minorities and Relations
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › China's Socioeconomic Reforms and Governance
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Environmental Changes in China
- Keywords
- Tibetan culture, Tibet Autonomous Region, regional economic development, central-local government relations, ethnic minority policy, cultural preservation, Western Development strategy
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