The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 13 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate
Open accessAbstract
The paper uses data collected between 1997 and 2005 during the compilation of an archive on « Life before Oil » in RAK Emirate.Waters were seen as a driving force in the creation of landscapes and social practices. No environment is considered to provide livelihoods and profits of itself, but only through enhancements of natural waters. Through observations, experience and work, some waters permit livelihoods and profits and so create sets of political, jural and economic relations; these waters become integral parts of the communities they create. Other waters provided more generalised or more indirect benefits for people and engendered different relations. The local, autonomous, non-hierarchical, long-term and sustainable relations with waters were transformed by incorporation into the global oil economy and the nation state. Livelihoods and profits now come from the state; relations with waters have been largely subsumed into federal ministries. Waters were regarded as a sign from God, a symbol of his mercy, to be enhanced by work into livelihood; now, water is a commodity of the state, to be consumed and paid for with money.
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Claims the paper makes
80 Own result · 35 Own interpretation · 14 Not checked yet · 3 Own method · 2 No basis given
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We find it interesting that across the environmental areas of the Emirate, which each have their own hydrology and resource bases for livelihood and profits, the inhabitants used similar concepts to describe their relations with waters.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Context and methods of research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The development of resources, marriage, and inheritance, give an individual and his/her family rights to land and water in three or four farīj/farīq.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Residence
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“tribes-people across the study region emphasised that every one was capable of doing all the necessary kinds of work.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Waters collected in cisterns and wells had claims on them as shares by those who had made or maintained them.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Water and the creation of jural relations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the Hajar, as on the coastal plains, flood waters to the grain fields and gardens were important winter waters.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Water and the creation of jural relations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relations between waters and people are regarded as continually active through people's understanding, experiences, and work.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Local ideas of waters: a paraphrase of archive material
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Through a year, individuals and their families practised multi-resource economics moving between different locations in which they had variable roles; as owners through development, shares and agreements in their tribal areas; as workers for a share from labour or for payment in or outside their tribal area; as guests outside their tribal area or as hosts.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Water and the creation of jural relations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ownership comes from the development of a natural resource so that it becomes more productive, in the case of permanent cultivation by managing or developing waters and channelling these waters to soils, and planting productive trees.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Difference between Islamic and customary law
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Claims are expressed as shares, in proportion to the effort and time of the people making and maintaining the channel to field, garden, cistern, or well.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Water and the creation of jural relations
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“People of the Ru'us al Jibal and the western Hajar mountains use the term to describe one set of enmeshed relations for livelihood and profits between waters, land, people and buildings in a named place, and distinguished from and physically separate from, another similarly constructed set.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Residence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 26
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sayl flood waters were essential for annual crops of grains and vegetables while ghall waters and/or wells were essential for perennial crops.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Water and the creation of jural relations
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Local tribes-people spoke of waters as Signs from God for people of understanding; anthropological discourse would use « carriers of symbols ».”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Local descriptions of waters
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each mountain range can be described through its waters: the Hajar has up-welling waters, recharged by rain, for irrigated gardens, and people and animals depend on wells; the Ru'us al Jibal has surface waters, flood flows, from rainfall for fields, and people and animals depend on cisterns.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Local descriptions of waters
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yearly rainfall of itself rarely provided enough for successful cultivation of grains; in the Ru'us al Jibal a Habūs tribesman explained: Rain is useful if it produces a flood flow; by itself, there would hardly ever be enough for a harvest.For a good crop there must be two flood flows, and with three we are certain of a good harvest.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Water and the creation of jural relations
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“While tribes-people spoke often of being part of a community, they emphasised that each person has his or her own property and makes his/her own decisions about its management (Lancaster W. & F., 2011a: 26-34).”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Social Groups
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lancaster W. & F., 2011a
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“« Living » water, ma' hayy, adds to this, it brings life, makes alive, by merging or mixing with soils, plants, animals.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Local descriptions of waters
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using the names of people for the aflāj (pl. of falaj) commemorates the long, long ago ancestors of the people who have rights in the falay and organised its building in the beginning.The users of each falay were a community, the falay bound the community, they were the same.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Water and the creation of jural relations
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The people of the Ru'us al Jibal were in their mountain fields in the winters and came down in the summers to places with permanent water, date gardens and traders, where they got supplies of dry dates from gardens they owned, by working on the harvest and getting an agreed share, or by exchanging goats, grain, pottery, salt fish, or wild honey.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Water and the creation of jural relations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All water comes from God, and all water was originally rain.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Local ideas of waters: a paraphrase of archive material
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Animal husbandry « goats, sheep, cows, donkeys and camels » was important in all areas, and some lived primarily from their animals.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Water and the creation of jural relations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The points of division are said to have existed « for ever », and cannot be changed without major difficulties.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Water and the creation of jural relations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While tribes-people described the channelling of waters into shares as the basic condition for production, sayl flood waters and ghall up-welling flows allowed different sorts of agriculture.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Water and the creation of jural relations
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Falay/falaj are the important waters in the date gardens of the Hajar valleys.The term comes from a root meaning « to split, divide, and so into shares of running water » (Lane, 1984: 2436).”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Water and the creation of jural relations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lane, 1984
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Baiyadīr, from the root with a meaning « to bring to maturity », described garden workers who had responsibilities and acted more as agents, and paid in money or dates, expressed in money terms; they could take up unused land for vegetable and grain crops, which were theirs to do with as they liked.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Water and the creation of jural relations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Channels for grain fields collect rain flows from slopes; date gardens are sited along natural flood channels, and each garden has a built channel that diverts a share of the rain flow floods to it.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Water and the creation of jural relations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Water for the quenching of thirst could not be refused to passers-by, whereas watering animals for commerce from the resources of others without agreement or payment was not permitted.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Water and the creation of jural relations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Movements between grazing areas in different tribal areas were made by agreement between families and were often reciprocal; Mazāri' at Ghayl described how they moved with their animals to Khawatir families in the sands in winters, and the Khawatir moved to them in the summers.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
plainstates an associationSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three kinds of claims, derived from relations with waters, were established; charity or compassion, in the satisfying of thirst or hunger; shares, from contributions of time and energy to development for livelihood by tribes-people in their tribal areas and inherited down the generations; and agreements or contracts between individuals for livelihood and profit.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Water and the creation of jural relations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Membership of a tribe gives the individual a jural identity, and a commitment to generally accepted tribal social practice underpinned by moral premises.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Social Groups
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each field had its own channel or shares of channels; most fields were built over time as groups, with flood channels from the slopes around going to them.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Water and the creation of jural relations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Servants had no responsibilities but did only what they were told.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Water and the creation of jural relations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“People and animals drank from flowing waters if available or from collected waters, cisterns in the Ru'us al Jibal, wells in the coastal plains,”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Water and the creation of jural relations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most were falay ghaili (adjective from ghall), surface flowing waters, with a few falay da'ūdi systems, built underground channels from (in Oman) a mother well or (in southern Ras Al-Khaimah emirate at Wadi Munai'y and Wadi al Qawr) large rainfall recharge basins, to a group of gardens.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Water and the creation of jural relations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“«Water », for its fullest meaning, should be intensified, by man made means if necessary, and or be mixed with something to become more productive; a Shihhi at Sabtan in the Ru'us al Jibal and some Mazru'i in the western Hajar dismissed visible rain puddles as not being water, as there was no flood flow.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Water and the creation of jural relations
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It was generally held that no one area and no one resource could supply livelihood and profits of themselves; movement between resources and exchange between productive sectors were essential.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > The geography of Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Waters are of themselves, they are autonomous, with qualities that describe -« living », sweet, bitter, salt, sulphurous, with gypsum, and so on; they fall, flow, sink in, decrease, disappear, reappear, or are present as humidities, mists, and dews; they are useful or not useful.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Local descriptions of waters
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since many marriages are made across tribes, it follows from ownership and inheritance by men and women that pieces of land and its water move outside tribe; such pieces of land are usually brought back into the tribal dīrat by exchange, re-allotment, or purchase within a generation or two, and some tribal sections do not allow women to inherit land, only animals or money.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Difference between Islamic and customary law
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This community is informal, a flexible combination of mobile individuals, with claims to co-residence, although some members are present, others absent, and closely linked through women (as mothers, wives, sisters, and daughters).”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Social Groups
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Flood-water water was seasonal and temporary, diverted to fields and cisterns by masayla channels, and shared by the division of waters, known to all using a location and enforced by each individual as it affected him.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Water and the creation of jural relations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All families in all localities had a few household goats, but some tribes-people lived from and made their profits from animals in a variety of ways.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tribes-people of the region are aware from experience that waters are not passive subjects to be managed.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Local ideas of waters: a paraphrase of archive material
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Permanently watered land, growing date and other fruit tree crops, may be worked by the owner and his family in shares, while employed workers could be servants or baiyadīr.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Water and the creation of jural relations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individuals and their families move between their farīj/farīq working on each as appropriate, and at each farīj/farīq are with different members of their wider community.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Residence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tribal identity enables jural and political participation, but a tribesman's economic and social activities are with members of his community, which are described as those with whom « we live, work and marry ».”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Social Groups
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The farīj or farīq (same word with two different vernacular pronunciations between North and South) is the residential unit in the mountains.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Residence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While some people were better at some work than others or knew more about a particular resource, there were no specialists and all could learn.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both systems of law, owners have the right to transfer ownership by inheritance, gift, or sale; but tribal law uses the right of pre-emption to ensure that any such transfer must be within the tribe, or have the approval of all tribal members.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Difference between Islamic and customary law
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The verb linked to the root for water has meanings of « to mix, merge, to abound in water »; for water to have meaning, it interacts, it enters into relations.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Local descriptions of waters
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When contrasting themselves to tribes-people in the Ru'us al Jibal, people in the Hajar described their seasonal movement as away from permanent waters to grazing areas in the winters, while going to gardens for necessary work, and withdrawing to permanent waters at the gardens by early summers.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Water and the creation of jural relations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Local tribes-people point out that every wadi, mountain, slope, or flow is different.So is each field and garden; each has its own characteristics and capacities for productivity, reflected in the amount of land needed for livelihood, and the manner in which the members of each local community manifests its relations with the waters on which it depends for livelihood and profits; Wilkinson (1977:”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Water and the creation of jural relations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wilkinson (1977: 100)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This required participants with jural identities, whose relations of rights and claims to waters and the lands made cultivable by waters as diverted waters (surface rain flood flowssayl) or split waters (flowing waters from undergroundfalay ghaili and da'ūdi) were expressed as shares, considered to have been originally of parity among the holders.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Water and the creation of jural relations
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Anyone who wanted to take off water for a new garden had to make an agreement and buy the right to a portion of flood water with each existing owner.Occasionally, someone would take flood water by force, but there was no right to do this, the right went with negotiation and agreement.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Water and the creation of jural relations
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Following a period of excellent winter rains, British experts encouraged commercial agriculture with a well drilling programme and introducing new crops and practical education, and investments in new gardens grew.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The tribes-people of both mountain ranges stated repeatedly that in the past they had been ghanī, now « rich » but originally « self-sufficient », since the mountains had everything they needed.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the 1950s and 60s, former grazing lands were awarded by rulers to merchants and members of leading families for development as commercial vegetable gardens, causing disputes between rulers and tribes and between neighbouring tribes (Walker, 1994 (vol. 4): 507, (vol.6): 273); water was becoming a commodity.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Walker, 1994
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Undeveloped or dead lands used for grazing belong to government in Islamic law but are held communally in tribal customary law.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With the establishment of the United Arab Emirates in 1971, tribes-people became citizens employed in the new ministries and security services.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mountain self-sufficiency, achieved through shares and rights, was regarded as different to the economics and politics of rulers and merchants of coastal towns, who lived from pearling, commerce by land and sea, customs duties, and taxes.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Merchants and rulers extended credit to people on the coastal areas against the security of future crops; some gave time to pay or even cancelled the debt, others did not, and took over the garden or part offered as security.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several pieces of long unused lands and channels were said to have been abandoned because of unresolved disputes, with tribesmen commenting that while people should behave properly, often they did not, and so disputes over waters happened.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Employment by the state, with some irrigated gardens in the Hajar and the coastal plains, fishing for the fresh fish market, and small businesses, were the sources of livelihood and profits.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This claim from the Ru'us al Jibal tribes may seem weak, but many informants justified this claim that although their mountains did not grow dates (except for a few in a few places), mountain produce of animals, grain, pottery and honey, and their ownership of coastal date gardens, or their work as date garden harvesters, enabled them to get their dry dates.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Well waters becoming salt was normal in some garden areas around RAK town; owners abandoned such gardens and developed new ones along recently undeveloped flood channels, so that date garden areas moved cyclically over space and time.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Customary water law varies in details between tribes but informants emphasised that the principle of shares in inseparable land-and-water sufficient for the livelihood and profit of each participating household.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Merchants invested for commercial profit, including in date gardens inland from RAK town, and in tobacco crops in the Hajar (Lancaster W. & F., 2011a: 281-297), and so regarded waters and their lands more as a commodity.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lancaster W. & F., 2011a
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Waters were mutable, amounts, timings, locations, and qualities were capable of change for good and bad.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Merchants were not tribal whereas small traders who traded in staple goods of grains, firewood, animals, dairy products, salt and dried fish, local textiles and so on, and who carried by land and sea, could be; i.e. traders were useful in the eyes of tribes-people, merchants were largely irrelevant.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Declining permanent water flows in the Hajar at fariqs were managed by an agreement between all owners to undertake the construction of holding basins and channels for water to each garden in cycles of timed amounts, and each owner provided his share of labour or money.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no hierarchies of knowledge, nor of labour -most men expected to work for someone else at some point in their lives because of bad rain years in the mountains, a need for money, a desire to travel, or from a surplus of labour in the family.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Later droughts, and expanding agriculture, construction, and population, increased demand for water to the point where many see present use as unsustainable (Lancaster W. & F., 2011a; 458-465).”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lancaster W. & F., 2011a
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At Uraibi wells, east of RAK town, groups of Habūs disputed among themselves over ownership of and rights to water, and rights to sell water, settled by Shaikh Saqr bin Muhammad who bought the wells, explaining that if the Habūs wanted modern houses and water in them, he had to have water to send down the pipes.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tribes-people said credit and debt (of labour, goods, or money) had always existed, linking individuals into an economic relation but also into a moral relation in which it was dishonourable for a creditor to seize assets of someone poorer than himself.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Accounts of tribal fighting involved injured fighters, stolen animals and destroyed buildings, including filling in -but not destroying -water resources, consistent with accounts of tribal fighting in central Oman (Wilkinson, 1977: 98).”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wilkinson, 1977
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Attacks on an owner's rights to water and his defence of his rights were dealt with initially by mediation by older members of the households involved, then by the senior men of the disputants' tribal groups, and as a last resort by arbitration by a coastal ruler.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“RAK town and coastal settlements along a 25 km stretch were provided with piped water from the modernised Burairāt wells (Fenelon 1976: 77), and later supplemented by desalination.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fenelon 1976
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Waters to be useful require understanding and work by people, and so enter into jural relations; a Shihhi at al-'Aini in the Ru'us al Jibal said: « Even though water comes from God and so is free to all, when this water enters a built channel, it has claims on it.»”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Water and the creation of jural relations
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Shares and contracts are jural relations, whereas compassion is a moral imperative and required by God.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Water and the creation of jural relations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Constant checks, with the accumulation of material, established generally agreed facts by an indirect consensus.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Context and methods of research
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Information was checked by observations and in conversations across the region with a great many individuals and small groups, and in repeated discussions with several tribes people.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Context and methods of research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Falay construction might seem to act as a charter in that it objectifies human relationships, but is constructed differently by a tribal political system where action is undertaken by jurally equal and autonomous individuals, whose consensus is the political authority.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Water and the creation of jural relations
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Through observations, experience and work, some waters permit livelihoods and profits and so create sets of political, jural and economic relations; these waters become integral parts of the communities they create.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Additional information
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There had been changes over time in markets and in profitable enterprises but rights to waters and their lands enabled livelihoods and profits for the tribes-peoples of the two mountain ranges.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Oil development required defined borders for the demarcation of concessions and the compensation of rulers with revenues.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Variations between years in rain flood flows and recharge of flowing waters across the region made long term accumulation of land or animals difficult, while the necessity of mobility in dry years meant families required good relations with distant connections.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other waters provided more generalised or more indirect benefits for people and engendered different relations.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Additional information
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most waters have become a commodity provided and controlled by government; achieving this caused some disputes between tribes-people, and between tribes and rulers.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The region had always been part of the north-west Indian Ocean trading zone, and each environmental area had its sources of profits for trade, which depended on local waters and the social, economic, and political relations constructed between waters and people, underpinned by moral relations.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rulers had to conform to British demands but, unlike merchants who suffered the collapse of the pearl market, acquired a secure income which encouraged them to extend their control into the interior.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The transformation from the tribal situation of providing for one's family and community from one's own efforts, property, and participation in networks of claims and rights, to the provision of needs by agencies of the state is almost total, with an accompanying emphasis on consumerism of commodities.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Tribes-people were generally opposed to the change and disturbance oil exploration brought, and to the extension of rulers' interests which led to an increasingly centralised political structure, culminating in the establishment of the federated nation state of the United Arab Emirates in 1971 (Lancaster W. & F., ibid.: 369-375).”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lancaster W. & F., ibid.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The paper uses data collected between 1997 and 2005 during the compilation of an archive on « Life before Oil » in RAK Emirate.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This situation was transformed during the 20th century, as local enterprises lost their value undercut by new technologies and imports, and the wider region was gradually incorporated into the new global political economy of oil.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In purely economic relations, rights over channelled or contained waters could be a commodity, but the moral relations, in which waters were from God, and the recognition of jural and political relations with waters, were more important for tribespeople before incorporation into the global oil political economy.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Livelihoods and profits now come from the state; relations with waters have been largely subsumed into federal ministries.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Additional information
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas relations between tribes-people and waters were constituted locally, relations with oil were very different.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Waters in relations with people become socialised as interdependent parts of farīj/farīq, and like other parts of farīj/farīq were subjects for rock carvings (Lancaster W. & F., 2011b).”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lancaster W. & F., 2011b
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Oil was a commodity needed by non-locals, and its exploration and extraction required vast amounts of imported capital and technology.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > « Water arenas », moral and political relations with waters
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Waters were regarded as a sign from God, a symbol of his mercy, to be enhanced by work into livelihood; now, water is a commodity of the state, to be consumed and paid for with money.”
§ Anthropologie et eau(x) Waters As Creative Forces For Social Relations In Ras Al-Khaimah Emirate Les eaux comme force de création des relations sociales dans l'Émirat de Ras Al-Khaimah > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The recollections and accounts of local tribes-people accurately describe past water-related social relations.
“The paper uses data collected between 1997 and 2005 during the compilation of an archive on « Life before Oil » in RAK Emirate.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Undeveloped or dead lands used for grazing belong to government in Islamic law but are held communally in tribal customary law.
“Undeveloped or dead lands, used for grazing, belong to government in Islamic law but held communally in tribal customary law.”
Citations
Cites
The Tribe as a Unit of Subsistence: Nomadic Pastoralism in the Middle East
Marx, E. (1977) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1525/aa.1977.79.2.02a00090 · Cited by 60
Lancaster, W., & Lancaster, F. (2011) · doi:10.1515/9783110223408 · Cited by 27
Self-citationPeople, Land and Water in the Arab Middle East
Lancaster, F. (2013) · doi:10.4324/9781315079257 · Cited by 10
Self-citationTribe, Community and the Concept of Access to Resources
Lancaster, W., & Lancaster, F. (2021) · doi:10.4324/9781003135135-16 · Cited by 5
Self-citationLancaster, W., & Lancaster, F. (2011) · Arabian archaeology and epigraphy · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0471.2011.00338.x · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- AL-NA'IM M. A., 2004. « The Dynamics of a Traditional Arab Town: the Case of Hofuf, Saudi Arabia », Proceedings of the Seminar , for Arabian Studies, 34: 193-207.
- AL-RAWAS I., 2000. Oman in Early Islamic History. Itaca Press, Garnet Publishing, Reading.
- ANTOUN R., 1972. Arab Village: a Social Structural Study of a Trans-Jordanian Peasant Community. Bloomington/London, Indiana University Press.
- DRESCH P., 1989. Tribes, Government and History in Yemen. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
- FABIETTI U., 1990. « Between Two Myths: Underproductivity and Development of the Bedouin Domestic Group », Cahiers des Sciences Humaines, 26(1-2): 237-253.
- LANCASTER W., 1997. The Rwala Bedouin Today. Waveland Press, Prospect Heights, USA (first edition, 1981, Cambridge, CUP).
- LANE E., 1984 [1863]. An Arab – English Lexicon. Cambridge, The Islamic Texts Society.
- POTTS D., 2001. « Before the Emirates: an Archeological and Historical Account of Developments in the Region ca 5000 BC », to 676AD », in AL-ABED I. & HELLYER P. (eds). London, Trident Press: 28-69.
- WILKINSON J., 1977. Water and Tribal Settlement in South-East Arabia: a Study of the Aflaj of Oman. Oxford, Clarendon Press.
- WILKINSON J., 1987. The Imamate Tradition of Oman. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Staro, F. (2019) · Presses universitaires de Paris Nanterre eBooks · doi:10.4000/books.pupo.9420
Metadata
- Authors
- Lancaster, W., & Lancaster, F.
- Venue
- Journal des anthropologues
- Publisher
- OpenEdition
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 132-133
- Pages
- 95-121
- ISSN
- 1156-0428 (ISSN-L)
- 2114-2203
- OpenAlex
- W1561645923
- Cited by
- 2
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2020: 1 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal des anthropologues (publishedVersion)
- OpenEdition (OpenEdition) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Water Governance and Infrastructure
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Water management and technologies
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Anthropological Studies and Insights
- Keywords
- water, interpersonal relationships, livelihoods, commodification of water, oil economy, nation-state, water as commodity, landscape creation, social practices, Ras Al Khaimah, Gulf emirates
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- The paper
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