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From Distance Education to Open and Distance Learning: A Holistic Evaluation of History, Definitions, and Theories
Abstract
As pragmatist, interdisciplinary fields, distance education (DE) and open and distance learning (ODL) transform and adapt themselves according to changing paradigms. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to examine DE and ODL from different perspectives to discern their future directions. The study concludes that DE and ODL are constantly developing interdisciplinary fields where technology has become a significant catalyst and these fields become part of the mainstream education. However, mainstreaming should be evaluated with caution, and there is a need to revisit core values and fundamentals where critical pedagogy would have a pivotal role. Besides, there is no single theory that best explains these interdisciplinary fields, and therefore, there is a need to benefit from different theoretical approaches. Finally, as a result of constant changes, we should keep the definition of both DE and ODL up-to-date to better explain the needs of the global teaching and learning ecosystem.
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The transactional distance theory gives guidelines for the way in which to support Deaf and hard-of-hearing students fully at an open distance e-learning setting.
“The context is crucial to research and the transactional distance theory affords that and gives guidelines for the way in which to support SDHH fully at an ODeL setting (Bozkurt 2019, 53).”
From Transformative Research Paradigm: A Response to SDG 4 by Intensifying Support Scholarships for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Students at an Open Distance and E-Learning University (2021) · cites this paper as Bozkurt 2019, 53
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References 46 · Cited by 139
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Metadata
- Authors
- Bozkurt, A.
- Affiliations
- Anadolu University (TR)
- Corresponding author
- Bozkurt, Aras
- ORCID
- Bozkurt, Aras
- Venue
- Advances in Educational Technologies and Instructional Design
- Publisher
- IGI Global
- Published
- 2019
- Pages
- 252-273
- ISSN
- 2326-8905 (ISSN-L)
- 2326-8913
- OpenAlex
- W2941133481
- Cited by
- 139
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 101.49
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Online and Blended Learning
- Social Sciences › Education › Open Education and E-Learning
- Social Sciences › Education › Digital Transformation of Higher Education
- Keywords
- distance education, open and distance learning, critical pedagogy, educational technology, future of distance education
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