IL-4 Receptor α Is an Important Modulator of IL-4 and IL-13 Receptor Binding: Implications for the Development of Therapeutic Targets

Abstract

IL-4 is a key cytokine associated with allergy and asthma. Induction of cell signaling by IL-4 involves interaction with its cognate receptors, a complex of IL-4Rα with either the common γ-chain or the IL-13R chain α1 (IL-13Rα1). We found that IL-4 bound to the extracellular domain of IL-4Rα (soluble human (sh)IL-4Rα) with high affinity and specificity. In contrast with the sequential mechanism of binding and stabilization afforded by IL-4Rα to the binding of IL-13 to IL-13Rα1, neither common γ-chain nor IL-13Rα1 contributed significantly to the stabilization of the IL-4:IL-4Rα complex. Based on the different mechanisms of binding and stabilization of the IL-4R and IL-13R complexes, we compared the effects of shIL-4Rα and an IL-4 double mutein (R121D/Y124D, IL-4R antagonist) on IL-4- and IL-13-mediated responses. Whereas IL-4R antagonist blocked responses to both cytokines, shIL-4Rα only blocked IL-4. However, shIL-4Rα stabilized and augmented IL-13-mediated STAT6 activation and eotaxin production by primary human bronchial fibroblasts at suboptimal doses of IL-13. These data demonstrate that IL-4Rα plays a key role in the binding affinity of both IL-13R and IL-4R complexes. Under certain conditions, shIL-4Rα has the potential to stabilize binding IL-13 to its receptor to augment IL-13-mediated responses. Thus, complete understanding of the binding interactions between IL-4 and IL-13 and their cognate receptors may facilitate development of novel treatments for asthma that selectively target these cytokines without unpredicted or detrimental side effects.