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Monumentality in Western Amazonian formative societies: geometric ditched enclosures in the Brazilian state of Acre

Saunaluoma, Sanna, Schaan, Denise·2012·Antiqua
DOI 10.4081/antiqua.2012.e1
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Abstract

In Amazonia, monumentality has traditionally been considered characteristic of the late pre-colonial densely populated complex societies. Recent archaeological fieldwork concerning the geometric earthworks in the Brazilian state of Acre has shown that the southwestern Amazonian interfluvial zone was a significant setting for long-term large landscape modifications. We describe the geometric ditched enclosure sites of Acre as early monumental public spaces reserved for ceremonial purposes, analogous to the central Andean ceremonial-civic centers of the Formative period. The geometric earthwork sites contain contiguous ditches and embankment structures of varying forms enclosing areas typically 3-10 hectares in size. Documented cultural features are sparse within the enclosed areas. Making use of satellite imagery, aerial photographs, and pedestrian surveys, 360 earthwork enclosures have been recorded in southwestern Amazonia. Our radiocarbon dates suggest that construction and use of geometric earthworks began at the latest around 1000 BC, and prevailed in the region until 1400 AD. The relatively small number of ceramics recovered from the geometric ditched enclosure sites appear to be local substyles of the same tradition, sharing certain attributes with contemporary ceramic traditions of the upper Amazonian region. This, and consistency in ceremonial earthwork architecture, indicate close cultural interaction between communities that built and used the earthwork sites, and imply probable relationships also with the central Andean area.

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  • Legacies of prehistoric influence in Amazonia are visible from aerial surveys and satellite imagery along the southern periphery of the basin, particularly in the Llanos de Moxos of Bolivia, the geoglyph-rich region of Acre, Brazil and northern Bolivia, and the Upper Xingu in Brazil.

    “Legacies of prehistoric influence in Amazonia are visible from aerial surveys and satellite imagery along the southern periphery of the basin, particularly in the Llanos de Moxos of Bolivia (e.g. [1,12-14]), the geoglyph-rich region of Acre, Brazil and northern Bolivia [3,15-18], and the Upper Xingu in Brazil [2,19] (figure 1).”

    From Predicting pre-columbian anthropogenic soils in amazonia (2014) · cites this paper as [17]

  • Across the southern rim of Amazonia, over 1,000 earthwork sites comprised of fortified settlements, mound villages, and ditched enclosures with geometric designs known as geoglyphs have been discovered.

    “Across the southern rim of Amazonia, over 1,000 earthwork sites comprised of fortified settlements, mound villages, and ditched enclosures with geometric designs known as geoglyphs have been discovered.”

    From Predicting the geographic distribution of ancient amazonian archaeological sites with machine learning (2023) · cites this paper as Saunaluoma & Schaan, 2012

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Authors
Saunaluoma, S., & Schaan, D.
Venue
Antiqua
Publisher
PAGEPress Publications
Published
2012-02-28
Volume
2
Issue
1
Pages
1
ISSN
  • 2038-9604
  • 2038-9590
DOI
10.4081/antiqua.2012.e1
Cited by
42
References
1

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