The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The Predictive Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory Suicide Item
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The current study examines the predictive validity of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) suicide item for death by suicide and suicide attempts. METHOD: The study included 2 samples: (1) 5,200 psychiatric outpatients who were evaluated between 1975 and 1995 and followed prospectively for up to 20 years (all psychiatric diagnoses based on DSM-III and DSM-III-R), and (2) 119 patients who, between 2000 and 2004, participated in a randomized controlled trial of outpatient Cognitive Therapy for Suicide Prevention after a suicide attempt and were followed for 18 months (all psychiatric diagnoses based on DSM-IV-TR). All patients completed structured diagnostic interviews, as well as the BDI and Scale for Suicide Ideation. RESULTS: Cox regression models demonstrated that the BDI suicide item significantly predicted both deaths by suicide (Wald χ(2)1 = 35.67; P < .001 [N = 5,200]) and repeat suicide attempts (Wald χ(2)1 = 8.82; P < .01 [N = 119]), with each successive rating on the item conferring greater risk. Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, optimal cutoff scores of 1 and above for suicide and 2 and above for suicide attempts were identified as providing the best balance between sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSIONS: The BDI suicide item is associated with both risk of repeat suicide attempts and death by suicide. The use of the item as a brief, efficient screen for suicide risk in routine clinical care is recommended. Clinicians would then conduct a comprehensive suicide risk assessment in response to a positive screen. Future research examining the item's performance in other at-risk groups (ie, older adults, adolescents, inpatients, etc) is encouraged.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“A single item assesses suicide ideation (item no. 9) and has been considered an efficient screening tool for suicide risk in clinical settings [27].”
From High depression symptomatology and mental pain characterize suicidal psychiatric patients (2022) · cites this paper as [27]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–162 of 162
Rodríguez‐Cano, R., Paulus, D. J., Derrick, J. L., Blalock, J. A., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2021) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108508 · Cited by 7
Haynes, C. J., Deane, F. P., & Kelly, P. J. (2021) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108542 · Cited by 10
Teismann, T., Naghavi, A., Asgari, Z., Grundei, L., & Brailovskaia, J. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03187-8 · Cited by 8
Dolsen, E. A., Nishimi, K. M., LeWinn, K. Z., Byers, A. L., Tripp, P., Woodward, E., Khan, A. J., Marx, B. P., Borsari, B. E., Jiha, A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.009 · Cited by 8
Reuter, J., Grocholewski, A., & Steil, R. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05468-2 · Cited by 10
Zerach, G., Levinstein, Y., & Levi‐Belz, Y. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115392 · Cited by 6
João, R. B., Nogueira, M. H., Morita, M. E., Alvim, M. K. M., Johnny, S., Pereira, H., Pinheiro, H. P., Cendes, F., & Yasuda, C. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.766009 · Cited by 6
Gao, F., Jia, S., Yin, S., Yin, Z., Guan, W., Ding, F., Wang, X., & Wan, P. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07310-4 · Cited by 5
“The Chinese adaptation demonstrated exceptional psychometric robustness (Cronbach’s α = 0.948) in our cohort [37].”
InfluentialBarateau, L., Paryl, M.-G., Chenini, S., Pesenti, C., Guiraud, L., Béziat, S., Jaussent, I., & Dauvilliers, Y. A. (2025) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaf215 · Cited by 5
Schulte, C. E., Sextl-Plötz, T., Baumeister, H., Titzler, I., Sander, L., Sachser, C., Steubl, L., & Zarski, A. (2024) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2024.100710 · Cited by 5
[Polyacetylenes as components of the roots of bur].
SCHULTE, K. E., Rücker, G., & Boehme, R. (1967) · PubMed · Cited by 5
Network Analysis of Psychopathological Dimensions in Patients with and Without Suicidal Ideation
Cuadrado, E. H., Paniagua-Granados, T., Romero, M., Fernández‐Arias, I., & Larroy, C. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15070946 · Cited by 5
Musetti, A., Franceschini, C., Quattropani, M. C. A., Prigerson, H. G., & Lenzo, V. (2025) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2025.10763 · Cited by 4
Symptoms reported by Canadians posted in Havana are linked with reduced white matter fibre density
Aristi, G., Kamintsky, L., Ross, M., Bowen, C. V., Calkin, C., Friedman, A., & Hashmi, J. A. (2022) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcac053 · Cited by 5
Kim, H.-J., Jung, H.-Y., Bang, M., Pae, C., & Lee, S. (2023) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/2023/5194900 · Cited by 3
Chapter 1. Suicide Risk Assessment
Gold, L. H. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615375288.lg01 · Cited by 3
Park, J., Kim, J., Kang, H., Choi, W., Lee, J., Kim, S., Shin, I., Ahn, Y., Jeong, M. H., & Kim, J. (2023) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2023.0085 · Cited by 3
Kim, J., Kim, J., Kang, H., Choi, W., Lee, J., Kim, S., Shin, I., Ahn, Y., & Jeong, M. H. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.02.008 · Cited by 3
Schafer, K. M., Mulligan, E. M., Shapiro, M. O., Flynn, H. A., Joiner, T. E., & Hajcak, G. (2024) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2024.2333377 · Cited by 6
Robison, M., Velimirović, M., Rice, T. B., Duffy, A., Riddle, M. C., Manwaring, J. L., Rienecke, R. D., McClanahan, S. F., Blalock, D. V., Grange, D. L., et al. (2024) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026241274746 · Cited by 4
Kawanishi, H., Hori, H., Yoshida, F., Itoh, M., Lin, M., Niwa, M., Narita, M., Otsuka, T., Ino, K., Imai, R., et al. (2023) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100650 · Cited by 3
Kim, J., Kim, J., Kang, H., Bae, K., Kim, S., Shin, I., Hong, Y. J., Ahn, Y., Jeong, M. H., & Yoon, J. (2019) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2018.10.22.2 · Cited by 3
Choi, W., Kim, J., Kang, H., Kim, H. K., Kang, H.-C., Lee, J., Kim, S., Hong, Y. J., Ahn, Y., Jeong, M. H., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10557-6 · Cited by 3
Robison, M., Janakiraman, R., Wilson, E., Rogers, M. L., Duffy, A., Rienecke, R. D., Grange, D. L., Blalock, D. V., Mehler, P. S., & Joiner, T. E. (2025) · International Journal of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-025-00250-7 · Cited by 3
Li, L., Jia, S., Guo, Z., Liu, C., Li, S., Liu, W., Su, H., Wu, J., & Wang, X. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.121135 · Cited by 2
Risk factors for suicidal ideation in a chronic illness
Elliott, M. K., & Jason, L. A. (2022) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2022.2132551 · Cited by 2
Candon, M. K., Wolk, C. B., Khazanov, G. K., Oslin, D. W., Pieri, M. F., Press, M. J., Anderson, E., & Jager‐Hyman, S. (2023) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.13012 · Cited by 2
Self-citationTeismann, T., Brakemeier, E., Brockmeyer, T., Christiansen, H., Fehm, L., Forkmann, T., Glombiewski, J. A., Heider, J., Hermann, A., Hoyer, J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2024.100843 · Cited by 2
Sexual Trauma and Mental Distress among Former Ultra-Orthodox Jewish Individuals
Lurie, I., Yalon, S., & Levi‐Belz, Y. (2025) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2025.2507901 · Cited by 2
Scales for the evaluation of suicide risk
Blasco-Fontecilla, H., & de León, J. (2021) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198834441.003.0044 · Cited by 2
Kim, J., Kim, J., Kang, H., Choi, W., Ryu, S., Lee, J., Kim, S., Kim, J.-C., Chun, B. J., Shin, I., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1046715 · Cited by 2
Meda, N., Pardini, S., Rigobello, P., Visioli, F., & Novara, C. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.01.29.23285151 · Cited by 2
The relationship between bereavement-related guilt and suicide ideation in Turkish bereaved adults
Keser, E., Çakmakçı, E., Gökmen, F., Şahin, N. E., Akyalçın, R., & Zeybek, S. G. (2025) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2024.2390891 · Cited by 1
Kang, H., Kim, J., Kim, J., Park, M., Chun, B. J., Kim, S., Shin, I., Stewart, R. J., & Kim, J. (2023) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.23.1115 · Cited by 2
Choi, H., Le, G. H., Teopiz, K. M., Mansur, R. B., Rosenblat, J. D., Wong, S., Byun, S., & McIntyre, R. S. (2025) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/08919887251338262 · Cited by 1
Jia, S., Liu, W., Zhao, Q., Yun, S., Xin, X., Cong, L., Li, S., Wang, P., Yin, Z., Guan, W., et al. (2026) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.115481 · Cited by 1
KHAN, G. N. S., & Uslu, F. İ. (2026) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2026.111031 · Cited by 1
Health justice, resource allocation and age in suicide risk assessment
Hart, J., Lignou, S., & Fazel, S. (2026) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-026-00635-3 · Cited by 1
Chow, C.-Y., Wong, V. W.-H., & Ho, F. Y. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.122319 · Cited by 1
Die Einschätzung des Suizidrisikos
Jandl, M., Steyer, J., Hodgkinson, S., & Kaschka, W. P. (2017) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1627007
Quinn, P. C. (2019) · University of Limerick Institutional Repository (University of Limerick) · doi:10.34961/7976
Psychological and Psychiatric Aspects of Chronic Pain
Hendler, N. H. (2020) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Research Study · doi:10.31031/pprs.2020.03.000565
TRANSFORMATION OF THE CONCEPTUALIZATION OF SUICIDE THROUGH THE CENTURIES IN EUROPE
Ivanović, M. (2022) · TEME · doi:10.22190/teme210211018i
Hernandorena, C. V., Gilmar, G., Casimiro, C. A., & Vázquez, G. H. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100620
Sextl-Plötz, T., Schulte, C. E., Baumeister, H., Titzler, I., Sander, L., Sachser, C., Steubl, L., & Zarski, A. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4620592
Can family members reliably assess mood and suicidal ideation in individuals with epilepsy?
Mameniškienė, R., & Puteikis, K. (2023) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109537
Haselgruber, A., Weindl, D., Sandra, S., Rusinek, M., Maletzky, A., Singer, V., Zajec, K., & Noske, J. (2023) · Psychotherapie Forum · doi:10.1007/s00729-023-00236-w
Measurement-Based Care and Applying Statistical Concepts to the Individual Patient
Goldberg, J. F., & Stahl, S. M. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009181549.008
Vasiliu, O. (2025) · Romanian Journal of Military Medicine · doi:10.55453/rjmm.2025.128.3.4
An exploratory investigation of psychologist approaches to and experience with client suicidality
Gan, P. J., Pelling, N., & Lushington, K. (2025) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050067.2025.2515078
Sosa, M. Z. P., Vega, D., Sanz‐Gómez, S., Alacreu‐Crespo, A., Moreno-Gea, P., Sáiz, P. A., Rey, J., Giner, J., & Giner, L. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15070868
Savoring meditation for emotional disorders: Targeting positive emotion regulation deficits
Kishimoto, T., Hao, X., & Qian, J. (2025) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2025.103054
Lueger‐Schuster, B., Weindl, D., Zagaria, A., Russo, M., Novaković, I. Z., Zajec, K., Noske, J., & Haselgruber, A. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03229-3
Anxiety is associated with increased risk of suicidality in Parkinson's disease
Lam, J. S. T., Tosefsky, K. N., Zhu, J., Meng, D., Uzelman, P., Pio, F., Ainsworth, N. J., Vila‐Rodriguez, F., Howard, A. K., & Appel‐Cresswell, S. (2026) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1177/1877718x251410887
Exploratory Analysis of Gender-Specific Symptom Burden in Child Psychiatric CarePreprint
Russo, M., Weindl, D., Haselgruber, A., Zajec, K., Noske, J., & Lueger‐Schuster, B. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8861753/v1
Brailovskaia, J., Precht, L.-M., Teismann, T., & Margraf, J. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.106702
Consoloni, J.-L. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/7589d6ddz96baz427ezaba7z2ffe6d276403
Puteikis, K., Martynova, S., Motiejūnas, G., & Mameniškienė, R. (2026) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2026.111072
Youth Textline Study: Suicide Risk Detection and Beneficial Counseling Practices
Côté, L., Mishara, B. L., & Blondin, R.-A. (2026) · Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health · doi:10.7870/cjcmh-2026-002
Language-Dependent Expression of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms in Japanese-English Bilinguals
Williams, A. I., Rochanavibhata, S., & Marian, V. (2026) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026251385547
Suicidality during intranasal (es)ketamine treatment: A retrospective cohort study
Ehrt‐Schäfer, Y., Schoretsanitis, G., Seifritz, E., Olbrich, S., & Ferrea, S. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.122647
Metadata
- Authors
- Green, K. L., Brown, G. K., Jager-Hyman, S., Cha, J., Steer, R. A., & Beck, A. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
- Published
- 2015-12-23
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1683-1686
- ISSN
- 0160-6689 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2230776822
- Cited by
- 162
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 12.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32 MH083745, R37 MH 47383, R01MH067805, T32MH082745, R37MH047383)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health via Writing
- Keywords
- Beck Depression Inventory, predictive validity, suicide risk screening, suicide attempts, suicide risk assessment, psychiatric outpatients, cut-off values
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk, Suicide, Suicide, Attempted, Reproducibility of Results, Proportional Hazards Models, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
