Prevalence and predictors of depression and anxiety in patients of diabetes mellitus in a tertiary care center
Open accessAbstract
Background: Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases and affects virtually every organ of the human system. Depression and anxiety is common among patients with diabetes and associated with worse diabetes outcomes. Aims and Objective: To study the prevalence and predictors of depression and anxiety in patients of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Pt. B.D. Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India, a tertiary care center in Northern India. Materials and Methods: Four hundred ten consecutive patients having T2DM and 410 healthy controls matched for age and sex attending the endocrine out-patient department of a tertiary care center of Northern India were included in the study. Sociodemographic and relevant clinical variables were collected. They were evaluated for depression and anxiety using Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale respectively. Results: It was found that a significantly larger proportion of diabetic patients had depression (26.3% vs. 11.2%, P = 0.001), anxiety (27.6% vs. 12.7%, P = 0.001) and comorbid depression and anxiety (21.0% vs. 7.3%, P = 0.001) as compared to healthy controls. Diabetic women had higher depression (17.1% vs. 9.3%) and anxiety (17.6% vs. 10.0%) than men. The major predictors for a severe form of depression and anxiety among T2DM cases were age, female sex, insulin therapy, retinopathy, nephropathy, and ischemic heart disease. Conclusion: The present findings reveal that diabetic cases had significantly higher depression and anxiety as compared to healthy controls. The risk factors for depression and anxiety were age, female sex, insulin therapy, and diabetic complications.
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Individuals with type 2 diabetes have a two- to three-fold increased prevalence of a comorbid affective disorder compared to healthy age-matched individuals.
“Individuals with T2D have a two‐ to three‐fold increased prevalence of a comorbid affective disorder when compared to healthy age‐matched individuals (Anderson 2001; Rajput 2016), and this contributes to the increased hospitalisation and loss of daily functional skills and activities in people with T2D and comorbid major depression (Egede 2007).”
From Mindfulness-based interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2021) · cites this paper as Rajput 2016
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References 26 · Cited by 120
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- Authors
- Rajput, R., Gehlawat, P., Gehlan, D., Gupta, R., & Rajput, M.
- Affiliations
- Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Rajput, Rajesh
- Venue
- Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism
- Published
- 2016-11
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 746-751
- ISSN
- 2230-8210 (ISSN-L)
- 2230-9500
- PMC
- PMC5105554
- OpenAlex
- W2534460104
- Cited by
- 120
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 2 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 8.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- Locations
- Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, depression, anxiety, prevalence, risk factors, sex differences, insulin therapy, diabetes complications, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, ischemic heart disease, North India
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